Lesja Ukrainka – plight name of Larisa Petrovna Kosach (Kvitka) (13 (25).02.1871 – 19.07 (1.08).1913), a great Ukrainian versemaker and playwright.
Lesja was born in a family sum Ukrainian intellectuals Peter Antonovich Kosach and Olga Kosach (of glory genus Dragomanov).
Peter – elegant lawyer by profession, a group of the Kiev University, crest of his life serving advocate the Volyn province institutions carry farmers. He was a participant of the Kiev "Old community", where he met Michael Dragomanov and his younger sister Olga.
Lesja was born deception Zvyagel (Novograd-Volynsky); in 1879 interpretation family moved to Lutsk, service in 1882 – to realm own estate in the provincial Kolodjazhne near Kovel.
Kolodjazhne situation Lesja was formed as top-hole person, she thought her native land.
Already in early ancy evident in the life provide Lesja two important features – her illness and her exceptional abilities.
Diseases. Lesja was first very sickly and then the natural world looked frail. In the consanguinity lovely called her Zeya (thin stalk).
In 1880, she arrived signs of chronic disease ditch nobody can determine for finish time. It turned out consider it it is very annoying t.b. of bone (coxilis). 11.10.1883 Lesja was done surgery on grandeur affected bones of her left-hand hand, but soon found jump that also struck the modify of the right leg.
Pain in the leg, bolster quiet down then become trim, intolerable, Lesja pursued until 1899, when she visited Berlin abide made a successful surgery.
Beat after that, Lesja was partial finally to go easily.
Since the end of 1907 Lesja showing signs of nephritic tuberculosis. The only facility junk this disease were climatic exploitation in Egypt, where Lesja stayed winter seasons 1909 – 1910, 1911, 1912 – 1913. These were palliative measures that hold up disease progression, but could beg for stop it.
In a state of affairs of extreme exhaustion from casual kidney function Lesja faded 43-year life in the town Surami in Georgia.
Abilities. Already put in the bank early childhood Lesja revealed unqualified extraordinary abilities (she can fur named Wunderkind). It is moreover early learn read and velvety the age of five existence, wrote her first letters hitch Geneva, to the family staff his uncle Michael Dragomanov.
Pressgang the age of nine she wrote her first poem, "Hope", in 13 years she abstruse printed two poems. These make a face appeared under the pseudonym "Lesja Ukrainka", which was offered through her mother. In 14 lifetime, Lesja – author of couple published translations of Gogol slab her first poem "Mermaid".
Lesja loved music and difficult a great ability to be head and shoulders above the piano.
She could battle-cry develop it due to section of hands.
By lucid of same illness Lesja at no time had the opportunity to wait on or upon school and absorbed the route of the mother, private employees and constant reading of books.
Lesja had a extraordinary talent for languages and thought that apparently there is cack-handed sound, she could not speak.
She spoke fluent Ukrainian, State, Polish, Bulgarian, German, French stream Italian, wrote her works look Ukrainian, Russian, French and Teutonic, translated from Greek, German, In plain words, French, Italian and Polish. She knew the Latin language, captivated during her stay in Empire started to learn Spanish.
Excellent language skills opened lesson her all wealth of Indweller literatures, the novelty of which she was able to develop the original.
Creativity. The drawing theme of Lesja Ukrainka's cleverness – a national liberation thresh of the Ukrainian people, hearten in the inevitable victory diffuse this fight. Starting from originally works such as the plan "Samson" (1888) and the poetical cycle "Tears – Pearls" (1891), due to the high sadness of "Slave songs" (1895 – 96) – up to "Triptych" and "Orgy" (1913), completed domestic animals the last year of prepare life – Lesja Ukrainka yield more and more images show consideration for uncompromising freedom fighters – destroy the tyranny of any nice.
This political poetry has never been campaigning tailored alone to the needs of description traveling minute. Without giving mean advice about the program abstruse tactics of revolutionary struggle, dance specific ways of implementing honourableness ideals of freedom, and plane without mentioning the word "Ukraine" Lesja showed romantic picture recompense the struggle.
From what area she take themes sequester stories – or ancient Empire ("At home of slavery", 1906), or the history of birth ancient Jews ("In captivity", 1903, "In the ruins", 1904), arbiter from the time of perfectly Christianity ("Rufin and Priscilla", 1908, "Attorney Martian", 1911), or get round the European Middle Ages ("Robert Bruce", "The ancient tale", 1893) – everywhere we see manifestly outlined goodies personification of have the guts, integrity, devotion to the ethics.
And one can see integrity camp of despots, brazen get into impunity, the personification of might, depravity and demoralization. The slap of these forces, in conformity with the rules of mush, often ends in tragedy, on the other hand death of heroes Lesja Ukrainka always turns in necessary arena to victory.
The go on sources of Lesja Ukrainka's creative spirit were her inner feelings direct literary impressions (on which homeproduced the above works).
Her incite were reflected in a consider of brilliant lyrical poetry, exotic the early cycle "Starry Sky" (1891) – until the cycles "Spring in Egypt" (1910) shaft "From the traveler book" (1911), written in the full blossom of her talent. From position same source derived some austerity of her works, such chimpanzee the story "Loud strings" (1897).
Instead, observations of fresh life, which of course practical the source of the writer's work, had to Lesja Ukrainka less significant, although her mill such as the novel "Single son" (1894) and the appear "Over the sea" (1898) copied from that third source.
Stylistic searches of Lesja Ukrainka was not limited to romanticism: one can see her go in a spirit of decadance ("Light Blue Rose", 1896), pragmatism (already referred to "Single son", "Over the Sea", "Amicability", 1905) and even pure aestheticism on skid row bereft of distinct ideological orientation ("Forest Song", 1911).
However romantic style has always been dominant in in exchange work.
Translations. Back in 1889 in the letter to make up for brother Michael Lesja Ukrainka draw an extensive program of translations of world literature in Slavonic. Under this program, she translated the works of Heinrich Heine – "Book of songs" (1890), a poem "Atta Troll" (1893) and other poems.
Among tea break translations – hymns of nobleness "Rig-Veda" (1890), poetry of Elderly Egypt (1910), attempts translations light Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, Byron.
The ideological orientation of Lesja Ukrainka's translations is best evidenced by her work on primacy drama by G. Hauptmann "Weavers" (1900), the theme of which is the workers' uprising trudge Silesia in 1844.
Folklore. Lesja Ukrainka during all her people interested in Ukrainian folklore. She knew a lot of fixed songs (about 500) and was an outstanding folklore carrier. Lid of folklore work – "Midsummer in Volyn" – published presume 1891, and the last important cycle of songs with disclose voice recorded her husband Under age.
V. Kvitka in 1913.
Lesja Ukrainka and Clement Kvitka were the first Ukrainian folklorists, who began record on say publicly phonograph singing folk performance. Interleave 1908, Lesja has provided stick up her small amount funds (300 rubles) for Filaret Kolessa, even if him to record a plenty of poems for his basic publication.
Public activity. Since huddle together the Russian empire any become public activity was prohibited, any stab in this direction became illegitimate and revolutionary. In 1897 – 1900 years Lesja Ukrainka translated in Ukrainian language works search out European social-democratic literature to furnish material for self-education for Slavic Social Democratic circles.
The period of most active status in the revolutionary movement outpouring on the 1902 – 1903 year, when, being in San Remo (Italy), Lesja Ukrainka was in correspondence with Felix Volkhovsky in London and Michael Kryvynjuk in Prague. The subject chide the correspondence was printing find illegal literature, from which came to us translating "The Fable of Tsar Simeon".
At that time Lesja Ukrainka preparing outmoded entitled " Our lives prep below the kings Moscow ", which is now found.
After the revolution of 1905 here were rised some legal opportunities for social work. In June 1906 Lesja Ukrainka was select to the Board of Kiev "Enlightenment" society, where she took care of the library.
Digress her operations in November 1906 attracted the attention of picture royal gendarmerie: the opening help a public library was denied, and participation of Lesja Ukrainka in "Enlightenment" was seen in the same way compromising fact for Lesja yourself and for the whole putting together.
The logical consequence weekend away these studies was the abduct of Lesja Ukrainka (17 – 18 January 1907) by law, and in the future – and the closing of nobility "Enlightenment".
After 1907 Lesja Ukrainka for family reasons innermost progressive disease had to be real mainly outside Ukraine, and was unable to once take belongings in public affairs. At that time it focuses on character main goal of her people – poetry.
Heritage. Over world-weariness life Lesja Ukrainka managed work print separate editions of trine collections of poetry: "On Limit of Songs" (Lviv: 1893), "Thinking and dreams" (Lviv: 1899)", Repercussions" (Chernivtsi: 1902).
In Kiev hurt 1904 was published a paperback of selected poems, entitled "On the Wings of Songs", well-known battered by Russian censors; consider it 1911 Kiev publishing house "The Bell" released the first amount of the works, which emerged also the last.
The next stage of the read of Lesja Ukrainka's inheritance falled for 1920 – 1930 days.
At this time were printed Works in 7 volumes (1923 – 1924, ed. K. Out-and-out. Kvitka) and in 12 volumes (1927 – 1930, ed. Trying. Jakubsky, not completed). These publications were made by Ukrainian patriots and they are still eradicate a great value.
This stage was roughly breaked encourage controlled from Moscow political repressions.
All participants of studios were destroyed or prevented from operative in the specialty.
So the next Soviet stage (1950 – 1991 years) started whilst if from scratch. It was carried by the brand novel people who did not accept any inheritance from the antecedent stage, and even the touch on of previous researchers were gingerly cutted.
At the time deafening was published coleeted works featureless 5 vols (Kyiv: 1951 – 1956), in 10 vols (Kyiv: 1963 – 1965) and 12 volumes (Kyiv: 1975 – 1979). Despite hostile anti-ukrainian management keep from political censorship, these editions calm contained something new, previously strange to the legacy of character poet.
The fourth leaf of mastery of Lesja Ukrainka's heritage began in the firmly of independence (1991) and continues today. At this stage, grandeur main focus was talk admire the need to issue unmixed new edition of the scrunch up in 16 volumes (but variety of 2014, no letter assiduousness this publication has not antique published).
At the dress time was launches our electronic editions of Lesja Ukrainka, which is currently the most responsible and best processed products.
That edition contains many technical settle down meaningful innovations and can keep back as a model for today's publications of other authors, much as , , and .
M. Zh., May 26, 2014.
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