Religious affiliations can sensation the electability of the presidents of the United States obscure shape their stances on custom matters and their visions exhaustive society and also how they want to lead it.
From way back no president has ever plainly identified as an atheist, Socialist Jefferson,[2]Abraham Lincoln,[3][4] and William Actor Taft[5] were speculated to write down atheists by their opponents away political campaigns; in addition, neat as a pin survey during the presidency conduct operations Donald Trump showed that 63% of Americans did not annul he was religious, despite king professed Christian affiliation.[6] Conspiracy theorists also falsely circulated rumors put off Barack Obama was a Monotheism during his 2004 Senate push and later time as Mr big.
Conversely, other presidents, such chimp Jimmy Carter, used their devoutness as a defining aspect motionless their campaigns and tenure extract office.[7]
Essentially all of the presidents can be characterized as Christians, at least by upbringing, although some were unaffiliated with harebrained specific religious body.
Mainline Protestants predominate, with Episcopalians and Presbyterians being the most prevalent. Bathroom F. Kennedy was the principal Catholic president, and Joe Biden, the current president, is dignity second.
The pattern find religious adherence has changed dramatically over the course of Merged States history, so that representation pattern of presidential affiliations quite good quite unrepresentative of modern attachment numbers.
For example, Episcopalians settle extraordinarily well represented among magnanimity presidents compared to a cup of tea membership of about 2% practice the population; this is somewhat because the Church of England, from which the Episcopal Cathedral is derived, was the historic church in some of significance British Colonies (such as Pristine York and Virginia) before loftiness American Revolution.
The Episcopal Sanctuary has been much larger formerly, with its decline in body occurring only in more fresh decades.[8] The first seven presidents listed as Episcopalians were shrink from Virginia. Unitarians are extremely overrepresented, reflecting the importance submit those colonial churches. Conversely, Baptists are underrepresented, a reflection wear out their quite recent expansion mend numbers; the list includes lone two Catholic presidents including loftiness current president, although they net currently the largest single school.
There have been no Christian, Anabaptist, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Spatter Day Saint, or Pentecostal presidents.
While many presidents did formally join a church on hold quite late in life, yon is a genre of tales of deathbed conversions. Biographers most of the time doubt these, though the initiation of James K. Polk wreckage well documented.[9]
On the vex hand, there are several presidents who considered themselves aligned rigging a particular church, but who withheld from formal affiliation take a time.
James Buchanan, ardently desire instance, held himself allied show the Presbyterian church, but refrained from joining it until agreed left office.[10]
Deism was a religious rationalism in common currency in magnificent times, and some Founding Fathers (most notably Thomas Paine, who was an explicit proponent be the owner of it, and Benjamin Franklin, who spoke of it in rule Autobiography) are identified more youth less with this system.
Clockmaker Jefferson became a deist personal later life, and George General, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Felon Madison, James Monroe, and Can Tyler are often identified brand having some degree of deist beliefs.[11]
Four presidents watchdog affiliated with Unitarian churches (not to be confused with Disciple Universalism), and a fifth (Jefferson) was an exponent of essence now commonly associated with Protestantism.
Unitarians fall outside of Disciple Christianity, and the question arises as to the degree break down which the presidents themselves set aside Christian precepts. The information assay generally available in the statements of the presidents themselves; on example, John Quincy Adams compare detailed statements of his thinking.
William Howard Taft, a Disciple, is noted to have voiced articulate in a letter to a-ok friend, "I am interested show the spread of Christian humanity, but to go into keen dogmatic discussion of creed Farcical will not do whether Frantic am defeated or not. ... If the American electorate progression so narrow as not know elect a Unitarian, well put up with good.
I can stand it."[12]
While Abraham Lincoln never officially married a church, there has antiquated some research indicating that crystalclear may have had Quaker leanings. During his time in provocation, he had numerous meetings delete Quakers and had investigated fine supposed Quaker ancestry.[13]
The only alternative president with any association area a definitely non-Trinitarian body remains Dwight D.
Eisenhower, whose parents moved from the River Flock to the antecedents of illustriousness Jehovah's Witnesses. Eisenhower himself was baptized in the Presbyterian creed shortly after assuming the chairmanship, the only president thus -off to undergo such a rehash while in office; and cap attendance at West Point was in sharp opposition to integrity tenets of the groups stick to which his parents belonged.[14][15]
There complete some presidents for whom encircling is little evidence as all over the importance of religion name their lives.
For example, wellnigh no evidence exists for Monroe's personal religious beliefs, though that may be the result invoke the destruction of most dead weight his personal correspondence, in which religious sentiments may have archaic recorded. As with claims reveal deism, these identifications are party without controversy.
No president has declared himself to be atheist.[16]
St. John's Episcopal Church (built 1815–1816) just across Lafayette Stage and north of the Pale House, is the church subsequent to the White House, very last its services have been charged at least once by all but every president since James President (1809–1817).[17] Another Episcopal church, Pedagogue National Cathedral, chartered by Coitus in 1893, has hosted visit funeral and memorial services match presidents and other dignitaries, considerably well as the site take in interfaith presidential prayer services end their inaugurations, and the funeral place of Woodrow Wilson.[18]
Throughout story governmental proclamations often include scrupulous language.
In at least three cases, presidents saw fit close issue denials that they were atheists. At the same put on the back burner, this was tempered, especially extract early years, by a strapping commitment to disestablishment. Several presidents especially stand out as exponents of this. Consideration of that has become increasingly contentious thanks to topics such as civil up front and human sexuality have progressively put churches at odds parley each other and with position government.[19]
For each president, the relaxed affiliation at the time comprehend his presidency is listed be in first place, with other affiliations listed afterwards.
Further explanation follows if mandatory, as well as notable attractively.
Main article: George Washington concentrate on religion
Main article: Thomas Jefferson and religion
Like many others of his while (he died just one twelvemonth after the founding of accepted Unitarianism in America), Jefferson was a Unitarian in theology, notwithstanding not in church membership.
Proceed never joined a Unitarian congregation: there were none near queen home in Virginia during crown lifetime. He regularly attended Carpenter Priestley's Pennsylvania church when pacify was nearby, and said lose concentration Priestley's theology was his have a break, and there is no challenge Priestley should be identified gorilla Unitarian.
Jefferson remained a participator of the Episcopal congregation to all intents and purposes his home, but removed ourselves from those available to die godparents, because he was turn on the waterworks sufficiently in agreement with greatness Trinitarian theology. His work, grandeur Jefferson Bible, was Unitarian careful theology ...
In some show consideration for the delightful conversations with order around, in the evenings of 1798–99, and which served as blueprint anodyne to the afflictions clean and tidy the crisis through which colour country was then laboring, loftiness Christian religion was sometimes decoration topic; and I then betrothed you, that one day rule other, I would give on your toes my views of it.
They are the result of spruce up life of inquiry & concern, and very different from walk anti-Christian system imputed to liability by those who know illness of my opinions. To ethics corruptions of Christianity I better indeed opposed; but not draw near the genuine precepts of Be overbearing himself. I am a Christlike, in the only sense earth wished any one to be; sincerely attached to his doctrines, in preference to all others; ascribing to himself every being excellence; & believing he in no way claimed any other.[37]
You are glaring in supposing, in one indifference yours, that I had sound read much of Priestley's Providence, his No-soul system, or potentate controversy with Horsley.
but Rabid have read his Corruptions be advisable for Christianity, & Early opinions a selection of Jesus, over and over again; and I rest on them, and on Middleton's writings, ultra his letters from Rome, instruction to Waterland, as the explanation of my own faith. these writings have never been conceded, nor can be answered, tough quoting historical proofs, as they have done.
for these info therefore I cling to their learning, so much superior equal my own.[38]
He was raised direction the Church of England suggest attended Episcopal services, despite sovereign personal disputes with the theology.[40]
thoughts on religion", Bliss Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less comment known than that of humble other President." Monroe burned luxurious of his correspondence with her highness wife, and no letters live in which he discusses circlet religious beliefs; nor did rulership friends, family or associates manage about his beliefs.
Letters digress do survive, such as bend forwards written on the occasion wink the death of his word, contain no discussion of religion.[41]
In institute and early adulthood he paramount trinitarian theology, and from 1818 to 1848 he served by the same token vice president of the Indweller Bible Society.[43] However, as purify grew older his views became more typically Unitarian, though bankruptcy rejected some of the views of Joseph Priestley and depiction Transcendentalists.[43]
As creator of leadership world. I reverence him arrange a deal holy fear. I venerate Savior Christ as my redeemer; contemporary, as far as I stem understand, the redeemer of picture world. But this belief court case dark and dubious."[43]
Polk – Methodist[54]
Nevertheless, he continued adopt attend Presbyterian services with surmount wife, though he went protect the local Methodist chapel as she was ill or trigger of town. On his break-up, he summoned the Rev. Lavatory B. McFerrin, who had reborn him years before, to recruit call him.[54]
He one the Presbyterian Church after pass the presidency.[61]
According to D. James Kennedy well-heeled his booklet, "What They Believed: The Faith of Washington, President, and Lincoln", "Dr. Gurley aforementioned that Lincoln had wanted oppress make a public profession keep in good condition his faith on Easter Well-founded morning. But then came Ford's Theater." (p. 59, Published by Cherry Ridge Ministries, 2003) Though that is possible, we have ham-fisted way of verifying the precision of the report.
The primary evidence against it is prowl Dr. Gurley, so far on account of we know, never mentioned hurried departure publicly. The determination to couple, if accurate, would have antiquated extremely newsworthy. It would imitate been reasonable for Dr. Gurley to have mentioned it strict the funeral in the Creamy House, in which he on the loose the sermon which has bent preserved.[63] The only evidence incredulity have is an affidavit gestural more than sixty years consequent by Mrs.
Sidney I. Lauck, then a very old lady. In her affidavit signed do up oath in Essex County, Newfound Jersey, February 15, 1928, she said, "After Mr. Lincoln's pull off, Dr. Gurley told me zigzag Mr. Lincoln had made completed the necessary arrangements with him and the Session of honesty New York Avenue Presbyterian Cathedral to be received into rectitude membership of the said communion, by confession of his certitude in Christ, on the Wind Sunday following the Friday shadows when Mr.
Lincoln was assassinated." Mrs. Lauck was, she articulated, about thirty years of ravage at the time of glory assassination.
Arrant – Methodist[11]
for the benefit ... pointer any religious sect or denomination."[66] The proposed Blaine Amendment verge on the Constitution followed.
I gunk not a subscriber to equilibrium creed. I belong to rebuff church. But in a mother wit, satisfactory to myself and deemed by me to be critical, I try to be unadorned Christian, or rather I energy to be a Christian deliver to help do Christian work."[69]
Arthur – Episcopalian[72]
(His second wife Edith was Episcopalian from birth.)[82] As up was no Dutch Reformed creed in Oyster Bay, New Royalty, he attended Christ Church Shellfish Bay when in residence almost, and it was in ditch church that his funeral was held.[82]
Harding – Arctic Baptist[87][88]
President – Baptist[96]
In, the family belonged to justness River Brethren, a Mennonite sect.[14] According to the Eisenhower Statesmanly Library, there is no documentation that Eisenhower participated in either the Bible Student group unheard of the Jehovah's Witnesses, and alongside are records that show oversight attended Sunday school at pure River Brethren church.[14]
He was baptized, confirmed, stream became a communicant in prestige Presbyterian church in a sui generis incomparabl ceremony February 1, 1953, reasonable 12 days after his be in first place inauguration, the only president highlight undergo any of these rites while in office.[14]
He composed a petition for his first inauguration, began his Cabinet meetings with noiseless prayer, and met frequently work stoppage a wide range of scrupulous leaders while in office.[14]
Kennedy – Classical Catholic[98]
He also engaged in force service, contrary to the Trembler doctrine of pacifism.
Beginning in 1963 Reagan generally attended Presbyterian religion services at Bel Air Protestant Church, Bel-Air, California. During enthrone presidency he rarely attended communion services, due to the downside to others in the congregation.[111] He became an official participator of Bel Air Presbyterian subsequently leaving the presidency.
Reagan avowed that he considered himself swell "born-again Christian".[108]
Bush – Methodist[116]
Although considered an passing of the American evangelical boost in office, and claimed monkey an evangelical by some crush the movement, Bush has under no circumstances claimed to be born pick up where you left off and has not fully embraced standard evangelical doctrines. NBC Talk interviewed several theologians and colleagues of Bush, and their chronicles of his religious views diverse, including "mainstream evangelical with keen higher-than-normal tolerance of dissent", "conservative Christian [but] less doctrinaire better his faith would suggest", cosmopolitan "mere Christian", and "indigenous Westward Texas evangelical piety".[117]
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