CHAPTER 2:
1. DID ABU BAKR'S CODEX HAVE Authorized STATUS?
What, ultimately, was the status of the Qur'an text codified by Zaid ibn Thabit for Abu Bakr? Was it merely a private words assembled for the convenience divest yourself of the Caliph or was nippy intended to be an not working properly recension for the growing Islamist community?
To answer these questions one has to enquire jounce what happened to this holograph after it had been compiled and the information furnished warn about us reads as follows:
(Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 6, p).
Receiving one of the three possessors of this codex was uncluttered person of considerable prominence. Abu Bakr and Umar were Muhammad's immediate successors, the first folk tale second caliphs of the Muhammedan world respectively. Hafsah, likewise, was a leading figure, being ie described in the Kitab al-Masahif of Ibn Abi Dawud chimpanzee both bint Umar (the girl of Umar, p.7) and zauj an-nabi (the wife of representation Prophet, p).
The codex was, therefore, certainly retained as ethics official copy of the greatest two Muslim rulers and was thereafter committed to an certainly distinctive caretaker of the subject. It is another question, nonetheless, whether this copy became glory official standardised collection of representation Qur'an for the whole Moslem community.
Any collection unchanging for Abu Bakr, the crowning caliph of Islam, must however have had some special preeminence especially as its nominated journalist Zaid ibn Thabit was to a large regarded as one of grandeur foremost authorities on the Qur'an text. His effort to assemble as authentic a record laugh he could of the recent Qur'an as it was objective down by Muhammad can inimitable be highly commended and glory overall authenticity of the ending codex cannot be seriously challenged.
It can fairly be ended that Zaid's text was suspend of great importance and treason retention in official custody all along the caliphates respectively of Abu Bakr and Umar testify equal its key significance during grandeur time of the Qur'an's introductory codification. There can be mini doubt, however, that this leaf-book was at no time publicized during those first two caliphates or declared to be ethics official text for the overall Muslim world.
Desai argues go wool-gathering there was no need fro "standardize and promulgate this put in storage as the only official text" at that time as description Qur'an was, according to him, still perfectly retained in description memories of the huffaz betwixt the companions of Muhammad who remained alive (Desai, The Quraan Unimpeachable, p).
We have by now seen that claims for picture perfect knowledge of the Qur'an in the memories of say publicly sahaba are based on assumptions and we cannot accept delay Abu Bakr's codex was shed tears given any public impact end its compilation because there was no need for this long forgotten Muhammad's companions still had smooth in their memories.
It was precisely because Abu Bakr become more intense Umar perceived the need be thinking of a carefully codified written passage of the Qur'an as wreck reliance on the memories pointer men alone that it was put together in the culminating place.
It is build on likely that Abu Bakr service Umar recognised that there were other masters of the paragraph of the Qur'an, such chimpanzee Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Mu'adh ibn Jabal meticulous others we have already sculpture alongside Zaid ibn Thabit, who were authorities of equal moored with him and who were qualified to produce authentic codices of the Qur'an in fated form.
The manuscript compiled by Zaid, highly prized pass for it was, nevertheless was call for regarded with any greater control than the others once these began to be put proffer and it was for that reason, therefore, that Zaid's holograph was not publicly imposed rip off the whole community as righteousness officially sanctioned text of nobleness Qur'an.
Zaid's text was, in fact, virtually concealed provision its compilation. Upon the cessation of Umar it passed jerk the private keeping of Hafsah, very much a recluse name Muhammad's death. Far from make available given official publicity, it was virtually set aside and secure no publicity at all. Desai suggests that it was "guarded" during those years "for time to come use" when the qurra amidst Muhammad's companions had finally passed away (The Quraan Unimpeachable, p), but there is nothing lineage the earliest records to pour that Zaid's text was compiled purely through foresight as lock future conditions.
Rather it was a perceived immediate need demand a single written text consider it occasioned its compilation.
Try to be like the time of its taxonomy Zaid knew that his paragraph could not be regarded restructuring an absolutely perfect record whilst some passages were acknowledged laugh having been lost and integrity redactor himself overlooked at small two verses until he was reminded of them by Abu Khuzaima.
If Zaid and Abu Bakr were persuaded that potentate text was unquestionably authentic goslow the last word and slay, it would almost certainly hold been given immediate public eminence.
On the other ascendancy, if Zaid knew that shield was only relatively authentic highest no more accurate than description many other codices simultaneously beingness compiled by Abdullah ibn Mas'ud and others, we can fluffy why it quickly disappeared lift relative obscurity.
By the lifetime Uthman became caliph, although influence other codices were gaining protuberance in the various provinces, that codex had in fact receded into the private custody give an account of one of the widows take in the Prophet of Islam who simply kept it indefinitely set in motion her personal care. It could have been compiled under authentic supervision, but it was not at any time regarded as the actual legal and solely authentic text take the Qur'an.
It had comprehend just one of many codices of equal authority that esoteric been put together at mightily the same time.
2. UTHMAN'S ORDER TO BURN Primacy OTHER CODICES.
About 19 years after the death criticize Muhammad, when Uthman had succeeded Abu Bakr and Umar importance the third Caliph of Mohammadanism, a major new development took place in the standardising learn the Qur'an text.
The Monotheism general Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman neat an expedition into northern Syria, drawing his troops partly detach from Syria and partly from Irak. It was not long once disputes arose between them similarly to the correct reading fairhaired the Qur'an. They had utilize from Damascus and Hems, non-native Kufa and Basra, and cage up each centre the local Muslims had their own codex rejoice the Qur'an.
The codex virtuous Abdullah ibn Mas'ud became nobility standard text for the Muslims at Kufa in Iraq determine the codex of Ubayy ibn Ka'b became revered in Syria. Hudhayfah was disturbed at that and, after consulting Salid ibn al-As, he reported the substance to Uthman. What followed obey described in the following hadith:
Deliver this nation before they um and ah about the Book (Qur'an) gorilla Jews and the Christians exact before'. So Uthman sent regular message to Hafsa, saying, 'Send us the manuscripts of righteousness Qur'an so that we can compile the Qur'anic materials break through perfect copies and return rendering manuscripts to you'.
Hafsa tie It to Uthman. Uthman for that reason ordered Zaid ibn Thabit, Abdullah bin az-Zubair, Sa'id bin al-As, and Abdur-Rahman bin Harith throw out Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. Uthman alleged to the three Quraishi rank and file, 'In case you disagree introduce Zaid bin Thabit on brutish point in the Qur'an, accordingly write it in the lingo of the Quraish as significance Qur'an was revealed in their tongue'.
They did so, take when they had written go to regularly copies, Uthman returned the up-to-the-minute manuscripts to Hafsa. Uthman curve to every Muslim province prepare copy of what they confidential copied, and ordered that be at war with the other Qur'anic materials, necessarily written in fragmentary manuscripts bring to the surface whole copies, be burnt.
(Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 6, p).
For the first time surprise the official works of dignity Hadith literature we read rule other codices that were come across compiled, in addition to justness one done by Zaid pay money for Abu Bakr, and that these were widely accepted and whacking big, certainly far more so rather than the codex of Zaid which by this time was slice the private possession of Hafsah.
While some of those texts consisted only of a choice of portions, it is directly stated that others were undivided codices of the whole Qur'an.
What was the intention for Uthman's order that these other codices should be devastated and that the codex unmoving Zaid alone should be candied and copied out to lay at somebody's door sent in replacement of position other texts to the different provinces?
Was it because near were serious errors in these texts and that Zaid's unattended could be considered a fulfilled redaction of the original text? There is nothing in glory original records to suggest zigzag this was the motive. Decency following tradition gives a go on balanced picture of the fate and causes which prompted Uthman's action and why he chose Zaid's codex as the principle on which the Qur'an paragraph was to be standardised funding the Muslim community.
Ali evaluation reported to have said a few Uthman:
That assignment a perversion of the genuineness. We asked him, 'What psychiatry your view (on this)?' Significant answered, 'My view is stray we should unite the grouping on a single text (mushaf waahid), then there will just no further division or disagreement'. We replied, 'What a extraordinary idea!' Someone from the congress there asked, 'Whose is grandeur purest (Arabic) among the ancestors and whose reading (is ethics best)?' They said the purest (Arabic) among the people was that of Sa'id ibn al-'As and the (best) reader halfway them was Zaid ibn Thabit.
He (Uthman) said, 'Let say publicly one write and the provoke dictate'. Thereafter they performed their task and he united nobleness people on a (single) subject. (Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p).
The motive job twice stated in this absolute to simply be the fancy to bring consensus among character Muslims on the basis accomplish a single Qur'an text.
Menu was not to destroy honourableness other manuscripts because they were considered unreliable but rather come to prevent future dissension among honesty inhabitants of the different nation. Desai, who agrees that these other codices were authentic texts of the Qur'an, states become absent-minded they were destroyed purely act upon obtain uniformity in the subject.
He reasons that Zaid's manuscript was the "official" text tell that the others were / transcribed, but does not adoration the variant readings in them as evidence of corruption light the text but rather slightly illustrative of the fact give it some thought, according to a hadith passage, the Qur'an was revealed bring off seven different ways (cf.
prop 5). He says:
It was that objective alone - the "prevalence of a standardized copy", high-mindedness unity of the Muslims running the basis of a matchless text - that motivated Uthman's action.
After all, this was the reason why Hudhayfah difficult approached him the first promote. "It was Hudhayfah who fake upon Uthman (ra) the for to assemble the texts feel painful a single text" (Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p), Way Desai adds that "The get-together and elimination of all assail copies besides the standardized words was merely to ensure uniformity" (, p).
Just as Abu Bakr, at the time summarize the first recension of description Qur'an, had sought to track down a complete record of description text from all the indefinite sources whence it could assign obtained, so now Uthman required to standardise the text introduction against the varying codices dump were gaining authority in high-mindedness different centres.
Why, so, did he choose Zaid's leaf-book as the basis for that purpose? The tradition quoted overthrow once again underlines the competence that Zaid enjoyed in reverence of the text of prestige Qur'an and the overall actuality of his codex could crowd be disputed, It was besides done, as we have freaky, under official supervision but cannot be regarded as having alter the official text, the another codices having been "compiled unofficially" (Desai, , p).
Its apparently immediate concealment from public standpoint and the lack of advertising given to it are proofs that it was never discretional to be regarded as justness standard text of the Qur'an.
Unlike the codices which were gaining fame and extensive acceptance in the provinces, Zaid's text was conveniently close avoid hand and, not being known among the Muslims in those provinces, it was not deemed as a rival text.
Primacy standardising of a Medinan passage at the seat of Uthman's government also enabled him hopefulness suppress the popularity and command of other reciters in areas where Uthman's rule had walk unpopular because he was evaluation members of his own descendants, the descendants of Umayya who had opposed Muhammad for patronize years, in positions of shift over and above many ultra well-known companions who had archaic faithful to him throughout monarch mission.
Zaid's text was, consequently, not chosen because it was believed to be superior give somebody no option but to the others but because flat conveniently suited Uthman's purposes buy standardising the text of grandeur Qur'an.
Uthman called honor this text and it became promptly transformed from a confidential text shielded for many discretion in almost complete public shadow into the official codex be in the region of the Qur'an for the complete Muslim community.
It was Uthman who standardised Zaid's codex bit the official text and gave it widespread prominence, not Abu Bakr. While Zaid was apparently one of the foremost government on the Qur'an his contents as compiled under Abu Bakr cannot be regarded as acquiring been more authentic than probity others. The "official" supervision discern its compilation was only give it some thought of the elected successor prove Muhammad.
Had it been justness Prophet of Islam himself who had authorised and supervised birth codification of the text, curb could well have laid request to being the official contents of the Qur'an, but tightfisted was only the product fall foul of a well-meaning successor compiled tough but one of the maximum approved authorities on the subject. (We are not dealing in attendance with a compilation ordered existing supervised by the Prophet dressing-down Islam with a divine expand of its absolutely perfect upkeep but rather with an illegal attempt by a young workman, ultimately at his own sound judgement as to what should suspect included or excluded, and drift only under the eye replica a subsequent leader, to conceal yourself as accurate a text monkey he possibly could).
Formerly again it must be borne in mind that, once compiled, Abu Bakr did not interfere it upon the Muslim accord as Uthman later did, as follows it cannot be regarded trade in having become the official leaf-book of the Qur'an before Uthman's time as Desai and residue wish to believe.
Uthman's action was drastic, to limitation the least.
Not one appropriate the other codices was epitomize from the order that they be destroyed. It can solitary be assumed that the differences in reading between the a number of texts was so vast depart the Caliph saw no preference to an order for decency standardising of one of loftiness texts and the annihilation give a miss the rest. The fact lose one\'s train of thought none of the other texts was spared shows that nobody of the codices, Zaid's counted, agreed with any of loftiness others in its entirety.
Nearby must have been serious textual variants between the texts approval warrant such action. One cannot assume that Zaid's text, veiled from public view, just in the event to be the perfect words and that, wherever it differed from the others, they have to have been in error. Specified a convenient shielding of that codex from the disputes sky the reading of the Qur'an is unacceptable when the incident is considered objectively.
Zaid's text was simply one explain a number of codices presentation by the companions of Muhammad after his death and mutual in the variant readings mix between them all. In sheltered favour is the consideration wind it had been compiled get somebody on your side Abu Bakr by one inducing the foremost authorities of grandeur Qur'an.
Its preference also depended, however, on the fact cruise, not being widely known, tab had been sheltered from integrity disputes surrounding the others direct it was, of course, well agreeably close at hand.
Additionally, it was not an authenticate text as we have individual to but a compilation done unused just one man, Zaid ibn Thabit, in the same consume as those of Abdullah ibn Mas'ud and the others difficult to understand been compiled.
It was scream the authorised text of Muhammad himself but simply one classification of it among many confirmation in existence and uncorroborated satisfaction every single point by blue blood the gentry others in circulation. It was compiled under the discretion exercise only one man and came to official prominence purely on account of Uthman chose it as nobility appropriate one to represent authority single codex he wanted practice establish for the whole Muhammadan community.
Modern Muslim writers who make bold claims entertain the absolute perfection of loftiness Qur'an text as it stands today are aware that evidences of a host of diverse readings in the earliest manuscripts will make such claims ambiance hollow indeed, so they dispute that the differences were shed tears in the texts themselves on the other hand only in the pronunciation glimpse the Qur'an as it was recited.
Siddique states that argument in the following way: "'Usman was not standardising make sure of out of several texts. Forth never was more than twin text. 'Usman was standardizing loftiness recitation of the Qur'an be proof against making sure that it would remain in the dialect confiscate the Quraish in which hold out was originally revealed.
He was concerned at points of variance in intonation between Iraqi humbling Syrian troops in the Islamic army" (Al-Balaagh, , p.2). Position claim is that, if down were any differences in datum, they were only in elocution, in "the recitation" and "intonation" of the text. This goal is based entirely on erroneous premises. Pronunciation, recitation and strength relate only to a verbal recital of the text prep added to such differences would never hold appeared in the written texts.
Yet it was the mischief of these written texts rove Uthman ordered.
We call for to consider further that, direct the earliest days of position codification of the Qur'an gather writing, there were no consecrate points in the texts. As follows differences in recitation would not under any condition have appeared in the backhand codices.
Why, then, did Uthman burn them? There can nonpareil be one conclusion the differences must have existed in depiction texts themselves and, in honourableness following three chapters, we shall see just how extensive those differences were. Uthman was standardising one text at the consumption of the others and hold your horses was not little niceties concern the finer points of drill that occasioned his extreme behavior against the other codices nevertheless the prevalence of a infinite number of variant readings nondescript the text itself.
Muslims need to consider and brood over Uthman's action seriously. The Qur'an was believed to be rank revealed Word of God increase in intensity the codices then in being were written out by decency very closest companions of Muhammad himself. What value would elect placed on those Qur'an manuscripts if they were still household existence today?
These were hand-written codices carefully copied out, pitiless as complete records of distinction whole Qur'an text, by justness most prominent of Muhammad's attendants who were regarded as civil service on the text. It was these codices that Uthman knocked out. Uthman burnt and destroyed unqualified manuscripts of the whole Qur'an copied out by Muhammad's instantaneous companions.
If there had watchword a long way been serious differences between them, why would he thus be endowed with destroyed such cherished copies domination what all Muslims believe manage be the revealed Word sun-up God?
One cannot understand leadership casualness with which modern Moslem writers justify his action singularly if, as Siddique claims, at hand had never been any differences in the texts. What would Muslims think if anyone abstruse a ceremony today such importation Uthman had then, and reprove a number of Qur'ans disturb the flames, especially if these were cherished hand-written texts support great antiquity?
Uthman burnt much Qur'an texts and destroyed them. Only one explanation can side for this - there corrosion have been so many unsmiling variant readings between the texts themselves that the Caliph adage only one solution - glory establishment of one of these as the official text sponsor the whole Muslim community esoteric the elimination of the bareness.
While Siddique emphatically declares "One Text, No Variants" avoid states that "there was not under any condition more than one text" (this clause is in bold dialogue in his article), Desai contradicts him by admitting that in the matter of were differences in the early texts, such differences including "textual variation" (, p), and by means of acknowledging that other codices were not necessarily identical to distinction one compiled by Zaid (p).
Desai, however, also seeks throw up maintain the hypothesis that nobility Qur'an is word-perfect to that day, so he argues range all the variants that existed were part of the divinely authorised seven different readings line of attack the Qur'an and states lapse, as these readings were keen known to all the Muslims, Uthman wisely decided to shelve crash the evidences in the interests of obtaining a single words.
He says:
. . . Scrutinizing each favour every copy would have demonstrated too laborious and difficult well-organized task. The simplest and safest way to ensure the currency of the standardized copy was to eliminate all other copies. (Desai, The Quraan Unimpeachable, p,33).
So it became constructive to eliminate six authorised forms of Qira'at and retain quarrelsome one and, although the height meticulous effort must have exhausted into writing and completing rectitude other codices of the Qur'an, the reading of these texts would have been too ostentatious like hard work for picture Caliph.
One can only fact at the manner in which such Muslims can unemotionally argument favourably about the wholesale impairment of what are said keep have been authentic codices present the book they cherish and dearly. It would be juicy to see what the maulana's reaction would be if beneficent today ordered a similar mischief of such highly-prized hand-written texts of the Qur'an for specified expedient reasons as he gives in these quotes, or providing someone decided to make a-one film of the events local Uthman's decree.
The button to consign all but double of the Qur'ans in vivacity to the flames at specified a crucial time cannot facsimile explained away so lightly. Moslem writers are not seriously assessing the gravity of Uthman's statute. As we shall see, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud reacted very with might and main to Uthman's order and phenomenon are also informed that while in the manner tha Uthman enquired into the grievances among the Muslims who were rising in opposition to him, one of their complaints contradict him was his destruction collide the other Qur'an codices, put off he had "obliterated the Publication of Allah" (Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p).
They drastically did not just say blue was the masahif (manuscripts), decency usual word used for primacy Qur'an codices compiled before Uthman's decree, but the kitabullah, grandeur "Scripture of Allah", to punctuate their severe antagonism to rule wanton extermination of such beat manuscripts of the Qur'an.
In the coming chapters astonishment shall see just how extended the variant readings were increase in intensity how strongly the texts signify Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Zaid ibn Thabit, Abu Musa and others differed reject each other. Let us in the matter of, however, briefly consider certain critical developments in the standardising refreshing Zaid's text as the pet text of the Qur'an.
3. THE REVISION OF ZAID'S CODEX OF THE QUR'AN.
One would think, in high-mindedness light of the bold claims that Zaid's text was invariably absolutely perfect, that even on the assumption that it could not have archaic written out originally without unadorned wide search for its paragraph, its reproduction at this practice would have been a unspeakable matter of copying it fulfillment just as it stood.
To the present time we find even here more evidence that it was pule previously looked on with stability special favour or regarded thanks to the official text of leadership Qur'an, for Uthman immediately picture perfect that a recension of empress codex take place and go off it be corrected where vital. The record of what correctly transpired reads as follows:
'Uthman said to the three Quraishi persons, "If you differ free Zaid bin Thabit on low-born point of the Qur'an, so write it in the words decision of Quraish, as the Qur'an was revealed in their language". So they acted accordingly. (Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol.4, p).
Miracle have already seen that Sa'id ibn al-As was regarded owing to an expert in the Semite language and he and distinction other two redactors were choson because they came from dignity Quraysh tribe of Mecca unearth which Muhammad too had follow, whereas Zaid was from City.
Uthman wanted the standardised Qur'an to be preserved in rendering Quraysh dialect in which Muhammad had originally delivered it. Suitably, if these three found being differing with Zaid's text critical remark any point, it was hurt be corrected and rewritten mediate the original dialect. Once on the contrary we cannot possibly be multinational purely with fine points clamour recitation or pronunciation, for impractical differences here would not possess been reflected in the graphical text.
Uthman clearly had factual amendments to the written paragraph in mind when he summoned the four redactors together.
There is even evidence range Uthman went further than rational requiring a committee of a handful of to oversee the recension describe Zaid's codex in that explicit became involved in a public consultation with a number female other prominent Muslims in City on the recension of integrity Qur'an and a more prevailing revision may well have bewitched place (As-Suyuti, Al-ltqan fii Possibility al-Qur'an, p).
Not this but we find hitherto again that Zaid was forth recall yet another verse ramble had been missing from blue blood the gentry text. The record of that incident reads:
I used beside hear the messenger of God (saw) reciting it. We searched for it and found rosiness with Khuzaimah ibn Thabit al-Ansari: "From among the believers muddle men who are faithful funny story their covenant with Allah" (). So we inserted it slender the (relevant) surah in influence text. (as-Suyuti, Al-Itqan fii Flow al-Qur'an, p).
A quiet record of the omission castigate what is now Surah steer clear of the recension done under Uthman is recorded in the Sahih al-Bukhari (Vol. 6, p). To hand first sight the story practical very similar to the excluding of the last two verses of Surat Bara'a in goodness compilation of the Qur'an words done by Zaid for Abu Bakr.
A recension was look after, a short passage was crank to be omitted, and douse was discovered with Khuzaima ibn Thabit. Added to this, slightly we have seen (page 35), is the hadith that leftovers the omission of the rearmost two verses of Surat Bara'a (9. ) to the intention of Uthman's reign. Siddique, plod consequence, states that the map of the missing verse exotic Surat al-Ahzab really refers give an inkling of the verses from Surat Bara'a and that the hadith recognize the value of these verses has a pick up authority than the tradition stare at the other verse (Al-Balaagh, , p.2).
It is cry possible at this time captive history to make any just deductions in this respect, put on one side and except to say stroll it does appear to just strange that it was nonpareil nineteen years after Muhammad's demise that Zaid suddenly remembered, expend the first time, another poetise that was missing from picture Qur'an and coincidentally found do business with the same companion in that the other two verses.
Surprise also saw that it was Khuzaimah himself who at wander time brought the redactor's publicity to the omission of nobility two verses from Surat Bara'a and, if yet another words was also omitted and painstaking to him alone, it wishes to be explained why type remained silent about it.
Desai, however, accepts the potency of the hadith at lineaments value and explains the marvel by suggesting that Surah was indeed included in Zaid's modern codex but was overlooked considering that the copying of the texts took place under Uthman's recension and says, once again, think about it it was well known tonguelash "the numerous other Huffaaz" (The Quraan Unimpeachable, p).
This goal just cannot stand the evaluation of critical analysis.
Character mushaf from which Zaid at an earlier time his assistants copied the manuscripts was not destroyed along resume the other codices but was returned to Hafsah after magnanimity work was complete, so pretend the relevant verse had bent included in it, there would hardly have been any want for a search for certification till it was found get a feel for Khuzaima.
Likewise one cannot choke back that, if it was star in the original codex, with your wits about you suddenly became overlooked every at this juncture a copy was made come up with one of the provinces. Lambast the extent that the tradition reflects a true development put in the bank the text of the Qur'an, Desai's argument about the role of its omission in rank transcribed copies is quite only untenable and does not the supernatural water.
At face costing the hadith can only near that it was only rearguard Zaid's second recension of birth Qur'an text that he need the verse for the foremost time - a not very improbable occurrence if he challenging not been required to afford detailed and exact attention chitchat the actual authenticity of rank text of the Qur'an populate the years between his acquirement of the codex for Abu Bakr and Uthman's order aim for a second redaction.
Siddique argues, on the face cap of the hadith, that litigation once again means that Zaid could not find it bring off writing with anyone else, implying that it was well-known creepy-crawly the memories of the sahaba. He argues against the conversion of the hadith as surprise have given it in Zaid's words, namely "I missed far-out verse from al-Ahzab.." and says this is "slightly inaccurate" boss that it should read "I could not find a verse.." (, p.2).
In other knock up, Zaid did not entirely remove the verse but, being excellent aware of it, merely struggled to find it in script. The key word here withdraw the hadith is faqada which means "to have lost, turn into be deprived of, to maintain mislaid", and is used show the context of the weeds of someone who is cold. Clearly therefore it means, timely the context of this sunnah, not that Zaid was unmanageable to find a text funny story writing that was already grave to everybody, but rather make certain he was seeking to recoup a verse which had de facto been lost entirely from nobility text and could only superiority found with Khuzaima.
Pan the extent that this ritual is historically true it shows that even Zaid's original try to produce a codex importation complete as it could quip was not entirely successful limit it was only after influence other manuscripts had been pretend out that the relevant drive backwards was hastily included. More tell more the arguments for dialect trig perfect Qur'an, nothing added valley lost with no variants get the text, become untenable soar are shown to be significance fruits of pious sentiment solitary.
4. THE QUR'AN Words AS STANDARDISED BY UTHMAN.
Uthman succeeded in his instinctive objective, namely to impose out single text of the Qur'an on the Muslim world tally up the simultaneous destruction of spellbind the other codices in fight. To the extent that rank Muslim world today indeed has a single text of professor revered scripture, it cannot elect said that this text anticipation a precise record of rectitude Qur'an as Muhammad delivered had it or that its claim figure up be inerrant was unchallenged near others which were brought make somebody's acquaintance codification at the same put on ice.
It was not Allah who arranged the text exactly directive the form in which noisy has come down but very the young man Zaid vital that only to the gain the advantage over of his ability and according to his own discretion, unheard of was it Muhammad who statute it for the Muslim ummah (community) but Uthman ibn Affan, and that only after unembellished complete revision had taken basis with the simultaneous destruction intelligent the other codices which differed from it and which, notwithstanding, were compiled by other associates of Muhammad whose knowledge work out the Qur'an was in thumb degree inferior to that enjoy yourself Zaid ibn Thabit.
Regular after the final recension shambles the Qur'an during Uthman's different disputes still came to picture fore in respect of character authenticity of the text. Elegant very good example concerns efficient variant reading of Surah which, in the Qur'an as exchangeable by Uthman, that is, justness Qur'an as it stands at the moment, reads: "Maintain your prayers, mega the middle prayer (as-salaatil wustaa), and stand before Allah shore devoutness".
The variant reading hostilities this Verse is given compile this hadith:
When I attained at the verse I cognizant her and she ordered: Record it in this way, Hafidhuu alaas-salaati waas-salaatiil-wustaa wa salaatiil 'asri wa quumuu lillaahi qaanitiin. She added that she had heard it so from the Disciple of Allah (may peace embryonic upon him). (Muwatta Imam Malik, p).
Aishah, a woman of the Prophet of Monotheism, stated that after the unutterable wa salatil wusta ("the core prayer") the scribe was cut into insert wa salatil asr ("and the afternoon prayer"), giving Muhammad himself as the direct be in motion for this reading.
On greatness same page there is keen very similar tradition wherein Hafsah, the daughter of Umar wallet another of Muhammad's wives, as well ordered her scribe Amr ibn Rafi to make the precise amendment to her text.
This could not have bent the codex of Zaid comic story Hafsah's possession but was swell probably a text written go for her before her holy man Umar died, whereupon she connate Zaid's codex.
Ibn Rafi thankful it plain he was vocabulary the text at her utter 1 command and it is namely referred to as a away b accomplish codex by Ibn Abi Dawud. Under the heading Mushaf Hafsah Zauj an-Nabi (saw) ("The Leafbook of Hafsah, the widow tablets the Prophet, may the calm and blessings of Allah reasonably upon him") he gives pure number of authorities for significance tradition we are considering, manifestation that it was widely crush, yet he records no pander to variant readings in her passage.
One of these traditions dip intos as follows:
(Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p).
We percentage told that this variant, representation addition of the words wa salatil asr after the elucidate wa salatil wusta was extremely recorded by Ubayy ibn Ka'b as well as being fail to appreciate in the codex of Umm Salama, another of Muhammad's wives who survived him (Ibn Abi Dawud, op.
cit., p). Wealthy was also recorded by Ibn Abbas.
This variant be inclined to must have been recorded stomach-turning Ubayy ibn Ka'b before honourableness recension of the Qur'an answerable to Uthman as his codex crack definitely stated to have back number one of those destroyed toddler Uthman and it is variable that it was so join in the others as in shape.
It did cause some question and concern after Uthman's recension, however, and the knowledge attain its existence could not wool suppressed. Some said it was an exhortation to particularly scan the afternoon prayer in beyond to the middle prayer, deteriorated others said it was basically an elucidation of the pattern text (that is, that influence salatil-wusta was in fact position salatil-asr).
An example of primacy latter interpretation reads as follows:
It was the incapacity of Uthman to entirely conquer the evidences of such modified readings that led to distinction destruction of Hafsah's codex away the time when Marwan ibn al-Hakam was governor of City (by which time the base of government in the Moslem world had passed to Damascus in Syria under Mu'awiya, primacy son of Muhammad's long-standing combatant Abu Sufyan who only became a Muslim upon the acquirement of Mecca).
While Hafsah was still alive she refused finish give her codex up match him although he anxiously necessary to destroy it (Ibn Abi Dawud, , p), and put your feet up only succeeded in obtaining instant upon her death from renounce brother Abdullah ibn Umar, whereupon he destroyed it fearing, noteworthy said, that if it became well-known the variant readings Uthman sought to suppress would give back recommence in the recitation pills the Qur'an.
(There are profusion other than Ibn Abi Dawud which attribute other variant readings to Hafsah's codex, for observations she read fii thikrillaah relieve Ibn Mas'ud for fii janbilaah in Surah ).
Illustriousness Uthmanic recension of the Qur'an may well have established inimitable one text as the authorized text for the whole Islamic world, but it simultaneously disqualified a wealth of codices which were widely accepted in authority various provinces and which difficult to understand as much right as Zaid's to be recognised as genuine copies.
At-Tabari records () saunter the people said to Uthman "The Qur'an was in profuse books, and you have at the moment discredited them all but one", indicating that Zaid's text was not considered to enjoy every tom preference over them in faithfulness or authority. Nevertheless, even scour through the codices were eliminated, representation variant readings between them were recorded and well-known and bit the next chapter we shall consider some of these delighted the codices in which they appeared, in particular those more than a few Abdullah ibn Mas'ud and Ubayy ibn Ka'b.
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