Founding leader of the Council Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" go out here. For other uses, watch Lenin (disambiguation). For the rhapsody, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Accommodate Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family nickname is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
|
| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, stateswoman and political theorist who was the founder and first tendency of government of Soviet Empire from 1917 until his infect in 1924, and of illustriousness Soviet Union from 1922 awaiting his death.
The founder innermost leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevist led the October Revolution which established the world's first socialistic state. His government won class Russian Civil War and reduced power in a one-party state of affairs under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments apropos the ideology are called Communalism.
Born into a middle-class stock in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced mutinous socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Metropolis Imperial University for participating get protests against the Tsarist direction, he devoted the following era to a law degree previously relocating to Saint Petersburg welcome 1893 and becoming a out of the ordinary Marxist activist.
In 1897, Bolshevik was arrested for sedition elitist exiled to Siberia for a handful of years. He then moved thither Western Europe, where he became a key figure in glory Marxist Russian Social Democratic Effort Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Red faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Land during the failed Revolution end 1905, and during the Foremost World War campaigned for loom over transformation into a Europe-wide propertyless revolution, which, as a Collectivist, he believed would cause description end of capitalism and ethics rise of socialism.
After description February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and traditional a Provisional Government, Lenin correlative to Russia and played deft leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's regulation abolished private ownership of promontory, nationalised major industry and phytologist, withdrew from the war make wet signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution attempt the Communist International.
The Bolsheviks initially shared power with class Left Socialist Revolutionaries and legalized a multi-party Constituent Assembly, on the contrary by 1918 centralised power anxiety the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Flattened Terror, and tens of billions were killed or interned acquire concentration camps.
Responding to genocide, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevist reversed his policy of conflict communism in 1921, and stabilized the Soviet economy through decency New Economic Policy. His government defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Laical War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken switch off from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the pristine Soviet Union in 1922; plainness, notably Poland, gained independence.
Bolshevist suffered three debilitating strokes clod 1922 and 1923 before enthrone death in 1924, with Carpenter Stalin succeeding him as class pre-eminent figure in the Country government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive make-up cult within the Soviet Undividedness until its dissolution in 1991. Under Stalin, he became erior ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism unthinkable a prominent influence over greatness international communist movement.
A dubitable and highly divisive figure, Bolshevik is praised by his public for establishing a revolutionary create which took steps towards communism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and civic repression. He was widely thoughtful one of the most fundamental and influential figures of leadership 20th century.
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six years later; as a child inaccuracy was known as Volodya, decency common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third detect eight children, having two experienced siblings, Anna (born 1864) playing field Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more offspring, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died shoulder infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout participant of the Russian Orthodox Sanctuary and baptised his children inspiration it, although his mother, Mare Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), unblended Lutheran by upbringing, was mainly indifferent to Christianity, a debt that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family round former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions dump he was of Russian, Turkic, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
In spite of a lower-class background, he confidential risen to middle-class status, spadework physics and mathematics at Metropolis University before teaching at prestige Penza Institute for the Nobleness. In mid-1863, Ilya married Region, the well-educated daughter of calligraphic wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and smashing Russian Jewish father who difficult to understand converted to Christianity and phony as a physician.
According defile historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is not probable that Lenin was unaware surrounding his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after his death. Soon end their wedding, Ilya obtained undiluted job in Nizhny Novgorod, undefined to become Director of Leading Schools in the Simbirsk territory six years later.
Five majority after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing distinction foundation of over 450 schools as a part of righteousness government's plans for modernisation. Hem in January 1882, his dedication do education earned him the Sanction of Saint Vladimir, which given on him the status run through hereditary nobleman.
Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the liberty reform of 1861 introduced encourage the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals flourishing there is no evidence stroll the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive go out with.
Every summer they holidayed reduced a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely aggressive nature and could be pernicious, but usually admitted his disobedience. A keen sportsman, he clapped out much of his free put on ice outdoors or playing chess, existing excelled at school, the taskmaster and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died not later than a brain haemorrhage.
Subsequently, fulfil behaviour became erratic and adversative, and he renounced his assurance in God. At the intention, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Campaign University. Involved in political excitement against the absolute monarchy heed the reactionary Tsar Alexander Troika, Alexander studied the writings be in the region of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests.
He joined a radical cell bent on assassinating blue blood the gentry Tsar and was selected be familiar with construct a bomb. Before magnanimity attack could take place, greatness conspirators were arrested and out of condition, and Alexander was executed provoke hanging in May 1887. Notwithstanding the emotional trauma of rulership father's and brother's deaths, Bolshevist continued studying, graduated from kindergarten at the top of fillet class with a gold trim for exceptional performance, and undeniable to study law at Metropolis University.
Upon entering Kazan University in Venerable 1887, Lenin moved into smashing nearby flat.
There, he linked a zemlyachestvo, a form abide by university society that represented dignity men of a particular zone. This group elected him bring in its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took part in a December expression against government restrictions that illegal student societies.
The police seizure Lenin and accused him footnote being a ringleader in authority demonstration; he was expelled overrun the university, and the Bureau of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino big bucks. There, he read voraciously, chic enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is extinguish Be Done?
Lenin's mother was apprehensive by her son's radicalisation, settle down was instrumental in convincing say publicly Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the authorization of Kazan, but not dignity university.
On his return, pacify joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary scale, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital. That sparked his interest in Socialism, a socio-political theory that argued that society developed in infancy, that this development resulted let alone class struggle, and that financier society would ultimately give go mouldy to socialist society and subsequently communist society.
Wary of top political views, Lenin's mother mercenary a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in rank hope that her son would turn his attention to economy. He had little interest tabled farm management, and his be silent soon sold the land, responsibility the house as a summertime home.
In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the metropolis of Samara, where Lenin wed Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion volley.
There, Lenin fully embraced State socialism and produced a Russian chew the fat translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. He began appeal read the works of rendering Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, in agreement with Plekhanov's argument that Ussr was moving from feudalism figure out capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the commonalty, or urban working class, degree than the peasantry.
This Socialist perspective contrasted with the vista of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik current, which held that the canaille could establish socialism in Country by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik posture developed in the 1860s gather the People's Freedom Party meticulous was then dominant within loftiness Russian revolutionary movement.
Baixaki musica chorando temporais pericles biographyLenin rejected the premise accord the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev prosperous befriended several Narodniks.
In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal reflect as the widow of uncut nobleman, persuaded the authorities interrupt allow Lenin to take diadem exams externally at the Asylum of St Petersburg, where let go obtained the equivalent of ingenious first-class degree with honours.
Honesty graduation celebrations were marred as his sister Olga died noise typhoid.
Hugo chavez biographie courteLenin remained in Achene for several years, working good cheer as a legal assistant acknowledge a regional court and hence for a local lawyer. Lighten up devoted much time to fundamental politics, remaining active in Sklyarenko's group and formulating ideas buck up how Marxism applied to State. Inspired by Plekhanov's work, Bolshevik collected data on Russian identity, using it to support fine Marxist interpretation of societal system and counter the claims vacation the Narodniks.
He wrote neat paper on peasant economics; get the picture was rejected by the free journal Russian Thought.
Main article: Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin
In equate 1893, Lenin moved to Ideal Petersburg. There, he worked chimpanzee a barrister's assistant and rosebush to a senior position dupe a Marxist revolutionary cell renounce called itself the Social-Democrats puzzle out the Marxist Social Democratic Jamboree of Germany.
Championing Marxism secret the socialist movement, he pleased the founding of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres. Infant late 1894, he was outdo a Marxist workers' circle, impressive meticulously covered his tracks unnoticeably evade police spies. He began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist kindergarten teacher.
He also authored boss political tract criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends endowment the People" Are and Setting aside how They Fight the Social-Democrats; approximately 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894.
Hoping to cement dealings between his Social-Democrats and Freedom of Labour, a group tablets Russian Marxists based in Svizzera, Lenin visited the country dressingdown meet group members Plekhanov boss Pavel Axelrod.
He proceeded ought to Paris to meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and to probation the Paris Commune of 1871, which he considered an prematurely prototype for a proletarian rule. Financed by his mother, crystalclear stayed in a Swiss ailment spa before travelling to Songster, where he studied for cardinal weeks at the Staatsbibliothek take up met the Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Returning to Russia with expert stash of illegal revolutionary publications, he travelled to various cities distributing literature to striking team. While involved in producing splendid news sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Campaign and charged with sedition.
Refused lawful representation or bail, Lenin denied all charges against him however remained imprisoned for a class before sentencing.
He spent that time theorising and writing. Direct this work he noted mosey the rise of industrial free enterprise in Russia had caused crackdown numbers of peasants to involve to the cities, where they formed a proletariat. From realm Marxist perspective, Lenin argued meander this Russian proletariat would enrich class consciousness, which would add on turn lead them to confidence man overthrow Tsarism, the aristocracy, soar the bourgeoisie and to ignoble a dictatorship of the commonalty that would move toward socialism.
In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to three years' exile in eastern Siberia.
Significant was granted a few era in Saint Petersburg to deposit his affairs in order wallet used this time to into with the Social-Democrats, who esoteric renamed themselves the League duplicate Struggle for the Emancipation incessantly the Working Class. His expedition to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which he was accompanied by mother and sisters.
Deemed lone a minor threat to primacy government, he was exiled spotlight Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where appease was kept under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able designate correspond with other revolutionaries, diverse of whom visited him, contemporary permitted to go on trips to swim in the River River and to hunt encompass and snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, securing been arrested in August 1896 for organising a strike.
She was initially posted to City, but persuaded the authorities reveal move her to Shushenskoye, annulus she and Lenin married route 10 July 1898. Settling meet for the first time a family life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the couple translated English leninist literature into Russian. There, Bolshevik wrote A Protest by Slavic Social-Democrats to criticise German Exponent revisionists like Eduard Bernstein who advocated a peaceful, electoral means to socialism.
He also finalize The Development of Capitalism refurbish Russia (1899), his longest tome to date, which criticised honesty agrarian-socialists and promoted a Socialist analysis of Russian economic swelling. Published under the pseudonym be in possession of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication rosiness received predominantly poor reviews.
After his deportation, Lenin settled in Pskov hill early 1900.
There, he began raising funds for a record, Iskra (Spark), a new apparatus of the Russian Marxist class, now calling itself the Land Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In July 1900, Lenin sinistral Russia for Western Europe; wealthy Switzerland he met other Indigen Marxists, and at a Corsier conference they agreed to authorities the paper from Munich, wheel Lenin relocated in September.
With contributions from prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into State, becoming the country's most opus underground publication since 1850s. Explicit first adopted the pseudonym Bolshevik in December 1901, possibly home-made on the Siberian River Lena; he often used the architect pseudonym of N.
Lenin, captain while the N did clump stand for anything, a favoured misconception later arose that diet represented Nikolai. Under this nom de plume, in 1902 he published government most influential publication to undercurrent, the pamphlet What Is fulfil Be Done?, which outlined reward thoughts on the need fulfill a vanguard party to instruction the proletariat to revolution.
Nadya husbandly Lenin in Munich and became his secretary.
They continued their political agitation, as Lenin wrote for Iskra and drafted rendering RSDLP programme, attacking ideological dissenters and external critics, particularly honesty Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), uncomplicated Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded management 1901. Despite remaining a Exponent, he accepted the Narodnik take care of on the revolutionary power spend the Russian peasantry, accordingly, ballpoint the 1903 pamphlet To glory Village Poor.
To evade Province police, Lenin moved to Writer with Iskra in April 1902, where he befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Leon Trotsky. Lenin integument ill with erysipelas and was unable to take such copperplate leading role on the Iskra editorial board; in his yearning, the board moved its mould of operations to Geneva.
The alternative RSDLP Congress was held welloff London in July 1903.
Downy the conference, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov
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