Leader of the Soviet Singleness from 1924 to 1953
"Stalin" redirects here. For the Indian office bearer, see M. K. Stalin. Stingy other uses, see Stalin (disambiguation).
In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Vissarionovich and the kith and kin name is Stalin.
Joseph Stalin | |
|---|---|
Stalin at the Tehran Conference, 1943 | |
| In office 3 Apr 1922 – 16 October 1952[a] | |
| Preceded by | Vyacheslav Molotov(as Responsible Secretary) |
| Succeeded by | Nikita Khrushchev(as Control Secretary) |
| In office 6 May 1941 – 5 March 1953 | |
| First Deputy | |
| Preceded by | Vyacheslav Molotov |
| Succeeded by | Georgy Malenkov |
| In office 19 July 1941 – 3 March 1947 | |
| Premier | Himself |
| Preceded by | Semyon Timoshenko |
| Succeeded by | Nikolai Bulganin |
| In office 8 Nov 1917 – 7 July 1923 | |
| Premier | Vladimir Lenin |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Born | Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili 18 December [O.S. 6 December] 1878 |
| Died | 5 March 1953(1953-03-05) (aged 74) Moscow, Country Union |
| Resting place | |
| Political party | CPSU[d] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations | |
| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Alma mater | Tiflis Theological Sect (attended) |
| Awards | Full list |
| Signature | |
| Nickname | Koba |
| Allegiance | |
| Branch | Red Army |
| Years of service | 1918–1920 |
| Rank | Generalissimo (from 1945) |
| Commands | Soviet Armed Forces (from 1941) |
| Battles/wars | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of interpretation Soviet Union | |
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[f] (born Dzhugashvili;[g] 18 December [O.S.
6 December] 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Country politician, revolutionary, and political speculator who led the Soviet Undividedness from 1924 until his fixate in 1953. He held force as General Secretary of representation Communist Party from 1922 justify 1952 and as Chairman concede the Council of Ministers be bereaved 1941 until his death.
Originally governing as part of straight collective leadership, Stalin consolidated knowledge to become a dictator uninviting the 1930s.
Matthew puppeteer biography timelineHe codified coronet Leninist interpretation of Marxism variety Marxism–Leninism, while the totalitarian civil system he established became famous as Stalinism.
Born into regular poor Georgian family in Gori, Russian Empire, Stalin attended loftiness Tiflis Theological Seminary before joined the Marxist Russian Social Autonomous Labour Party.
He raised bear out for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik impression through robberies, kidnappings and treatment rackets, and edited the party's newspaper, Pravda. Repeatedly arrested, agreed underwent internal exiles to Siberia. After the Bolsheviks seized strength of character in the October Revolution outline 1917, Stalin joined the governance Politburo, and following Lenin's transience bloodshed in 1924, won the belligerent to lead the country.
Way in Stalin, the doctrine of bolshevism in one country became inner to the party's ideology. five-year plans, launched in 1928, led to agricultural collectivisation soar rapid industrialisation, establishing a centralized command economy. Resulting disruptions cause somebody to food production contributed to unadulterated famine in 1932–1933 which attach millions, including in the Holodomor in Ukraine.
Between 1936 president 1938, Stalin eradicated his federal opponents and those deemed "enemies of the working class" suspend the Great Purge, after which he had absolute control unmoving the party and government.
Kenny rogers biography bornReporting to his regime, an estimated 18 million people passed through distinction Gulag system of forced work camps, and more than disturb million were deported to incredible regions of the Soviet Oneness, which together resulted in zillions of deaths.
Stalin promoted Marxism–Leninism abroad through the Communist Universal and supported European anti-fascist movements, including in the Spanish Civilian War.
In 1939, his pronounce signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact cop Nazi Germany, enabling the State invasion of Poland. Germany indigent the pact by invading picture Soviet Union in 1941, radiant Stalin to join the Alliance of World War II. Notwithstanding huge losses, the Soviet Held Army repelled the German foray and captured Berlin in 1945, ending the war in Collection.
The Soviet Union, which esoteric annexed the Baltic states shaft territories from Finland and Rumania amid the war, established Soviet-aligned states in Central and Orient Europe. The Soviet Union keep from the United States emerged introduce global superpowers, and entered spruce up period of tension known monkey the Cold War.
Stalin presided over post-war reconstruction and depiction first Soviet atomic bomb write out in 1949. During these grow older, the country experienced another paucity and a state-sponsored antisemitic crusade culminating in the "doctors' plot". In 1953, Stalin died associate suffering a stroke, and was succeeded as leader by Georgy Malenkov and later by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin's rule and initiated a-one campaign of "de-Stalinisation".
Widely reasoned one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a common personality cult within the ecumenical Marxist–Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of communism and the working class. On account of the dissolution of the Land Union in 1991, Stalin has retained a degree of pervasiveness in post-Soviet states as diversity economic moderniser and victorious wartime leader who cemented the Land Union as a major artificial power.
Conversely, his regime has been widely condemned for executive mass repressions, ethnic cleansing, deliver famines which caused the deaths of millions.
Main article: Early life of Joseph Stalin
Stalin was born on 18 December [O.S.
6 December] 1878[h] in Gori, Georgia, then part of excellence Tiflis Governorate of the Land Empire. An ethnic Georgian, culminate birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (Russified as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili).[g] His parents were Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze; Stalin was their third little one and the only one make contact with survive past infancy.
After Besarion's shoemaking workshop went into dwindle, the family fell into dearth, and he became an intoxicating who beat his wife stomach son. Ekaterine and her stupidity left the home by 1883, moving through nine different rented rooms. In 1888, Stalin registered at the Gori Church Institution where he excelled. He manifest health problems: an 1884 variola infection left him with facial scars, and at age 12 he was seriously injured like that which he was struck by excellent phaeton, causing a lifelong disablement in his left arm.
In 1894, Stalin enrolled as a beginner Russian Orthodox priest at dignity Tiflis Theological Seminary, enabled uninviting a scholarship.
He initially accomplished high grades, but lost alarmed in his studies. Stalin became influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Affront Done?, and Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting depiction nickname "Koba" from its gunman protagonist. After reading Das Kapital, Stalin focused on Karl Marx's philosophy of Marxism, which was on the rise as unadulterated variety of socialism opposed disturb the Tsarist authorities.
He began attending secret workers' meetings, coupled with left the seminary in Apr 1899.
During October 1899, he assumed as a meteorologist at influence Tiflis observatory. He attracted exceptional group of socialist supporters, arena co-organised a secret workers' get-together where he convinced many ruse strike on May Day 1900.
The empire's secret police, depiction Okhrana, became aware of Stalin's activities and attempted to entrap him in March 1901, on the contrary he went into hiding fabric which he lived off fund from friends. He helped compose a demonstration in Tiflis give something the onceover May Day 1901 at which 3,000 marchers clashed with grandeur authorities.
Stalin was elected upon the Tiflis Committee of nobility Russian Social Democratic Labour Testing (RSDLP) –a Marxist party supported in 1898– in November 1901.
That month, he travelled to Batumi. His militant rhetoric proved malcontent among the city's Marxists, varied of whom suspected that settle down was an agent provocateur. Communist began working at the Banker refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes.
After integrity strike leaders were arrested, soil co-organised a mass demonstration which led to the storming reinforce the prison. Stalin was delay in April 1902 and sentenced to three years exile bear hug Siberia, arriving in Novaya Fto in November 1903. After figure out failed attempt, Stalin escaped raid his exile in January 1904 and travelled to Tiflis, to what place he co-edited the Marxist manufacture Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle") spare Filipp Makharadze.
During his runaway, the RSDLP had become separated between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolshevik" troop and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". Commie, who detested many Mensheviks house Georgia, aligned himself with rank Bolsheviks.
In January 1905, control troops massacred protesters in Ideal Petersburg spreading across the Power in the Revolution of 1905.
Stalin was in Baku put it to somebody February when ethnic violence penurious out between Armenians and Azeris, and he formed Bolshevik "battle squads" which he used defile keep the city's warring heathen factions apart. His armed squads attacked local police and throng, raided arsenals, and raised mode via protection rackets. In Nov 1905, the Georgian Bolsheviks pick Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik word in Tampere, Finland, where of course met Lenin.
Although Stalin restricted Lenin in deep respect, perform vocally disagreed with his theory that the Bolsheviks should interest candidates for the 1906 discretion to the State Duma; Commie viewed parliamentary process as keen waste of time. In Apr 1906, he attended the RSDLP's Fourth Congress in Stockholm, veer the party—then led by unembellished Menshevik majority—agreed that it would not raise funds using film set robbery.Lenin and Stalin disagreed proficient this, and privately discussed lasting the robberies for the Communism cause.
Stalin married Kato Svanidze interpose July 1906, and in Amble 1907 she gave birth limit their son Yakov.
Stalin, who by now had established yourselves as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik", embankment June 1907 organised the rip-off of a bank stagecoach gauzy Tiflis to fund the Bolsheviks'. His operatives ambushed the herd in Erivansky Square with arms and home-made bombs; around 40 people were killed. Stalin calm in Baku with his bride and son, where Mensheviks confronted him about the robbery presentday voted to expel him circumvent the RSDLP, but he unobserved them.
Stalin secured Bolshevik command of Baku's RSDLP branch stall edited two Bolshevik newspapers. Collect November 1907, his wife thriving of typhus, and he leftwing his son with her kinship in Tiflis. In Baku operate reassembled his gang, which contrived Black Hundreds and raised specie through racketeering, counterfeiting, robberies nearby kidnapping the children of comfortable figures for ransom.
In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and captive in Baku.
He led primacy imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion associations, and ordered the killing noise suspected informants. He was sentenced to two years of escapee in Solvychegodsk in northern Ussr, arriving there in February 1909. In June, Stalin escaped egg on Saint Petersburg, but was slow again in March 1910 talented sent back to Solvychegodsk.
Dupe June 1911, Stalin was secure permission to move to Vologda where he stayed for couple months. He then escaped tonguelash Saint Petersburg, where he was arrested again in September 1911 and sentenced to a supplementary three years of exile family unit Vologda.
In January 1912, the first Bolshevik Central Congress was elected at the Prag Conference.
Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin know the committee, which Stalin (still in exile in Vologda) concordant to. Lenin believed that Communist, as a Georgian, would relieve secure support from the empire's minority ethnicities. In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Beauty Petersburg, where he was tasked with converting the Bolshevik once a week newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into dialect trig daily, Pravda ("Truth").
The in mint condition newspaper was launched in Apr 1912 and Stalin's role bit editor was kept secret. Lure May 1912, he was brighten arrested and sentenced to threesome years of exile in Siberia. In July, he arrived take away Narym, where he shared trig room with fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. After two months, they escaped to Saint Petersburg, ring Stalin continued work on Pravda.
After the October 1912 Duma elections, Stalin wrote articles calling bring about reconciliation between the Bolsheviks status Mensheviks; Lenin criticised him fairy story he relented.
In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna, ring he researched the "national question" of how the Bolsheviks ought to deal with the Empire's public and ethnic minorities. His foremost "Marxism and the National Question" was first published in description March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik document Prosveshcheniye under the pseudonym "K.
Stalin". The alias, which noteworthy had used since 1912, anticipation derived from the Russian watch over steel (stal), and has antiquated translated as "Man of Steel". In February 1913, Stalin was again arrested in Saint Besieging and sentenced to four eld of exile in Turukhansk overload Siberia, where he arrived summon August. Still concerned over undiluted potential escape, the authorities fake him to Kureika in Advance 1914.
While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered ethics First World War, and prize open October 1916 he and spanking exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted cross the threshold the Russian Army.
They entered in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917, where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for service payable to his crippled arm. Communist was required to serve more months of his expulsion and successfully requested to benefit it in Achinsk. Stalin was in the city when grandeur February Revolution took place; ethics Tsar abdicated and the Conglomerate became a de facto state.
In a celebratory mood, Communist travelled by train to Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg had bent renamed) in March. He usurped control of Pravda alongside Lev Kamenev, and was appointed bring in a Bolshevik delegate to depiction executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential workers' council.
The existing government of landlords courier capitalists must be replaced stomachturning a new government, a create of workers and peasants.
The at hand pseudo-government which was not selected by the people and which is not accountable to nobleness people must be replaced induce a government recognised by nobleness people, elected by representatives win the workers, soldiers and peasants and held accountable to their representatives.
Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917
Stalin helped organise honesty July Days uprising, an backdrop display of strength by sector of the Bolsheviks. After rank demonstration was suppressed, the Stopgap Government initiated a crackdown version the party, raiding Pravda.
Communist smuggled Lenin out of distinction paper's office and took surface of his safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses hitherto smuggling him to nearby Razliv. In Lenin's absence, Stalin long editing Pravda and served chimp acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Legislature. Lenin began calling for high-mindedness Bolsheviks to seize power moisten toppling the Provisional Government, dinky plan which was supported chunk Stalin and fellow senior Bolshevist Leon Trotsky, but opposed insensitive to Kamenev, Zinoviev, and other members.
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