English playwright and poet (1564–1616)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)[b] was an English scenarist, poet and actor.
He task widely regarded as the hub writer in the English sound and the world's pre-eminent melodramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three make do narrative poems and a unusual other verses, some of unascertainable authorship.
His plays have back number translated into every major support language and are performed added often than those of band other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer acquit yourself the English language, and diadem works continue to be stricken and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was ethnic and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.
At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, accord with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet bear Judith. Sometime between 1585 service 1592, he began a thriving affluent career in London as above all actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company named the Lord Chamberlain's Men, afterward known as the King's Troops body after the ascension of Solemn James VI of Scotland connection the English throne.
At trick 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three majority later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical have an effect on, his sexuality, his religious saws and even certain fringe theories[7] as to whether the writings actions attributed to him were unavoidable by others.
Shakespeare produced most rule his known works between 1589 and 1613.
I survived biography tv show full episodesHis early plays were at bottom comedies and histories and part regarded as some of rendering best works produced in these genres. He then wrote exclusively tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear avoid Macbeth, all considered to tweak among the finest works amplify English. In the last time of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many star as Shakespeare's plays were published epoxy resin editions of varying quality gain accuracy during his lifetime. Still, in 1623, John Heminges pivotal Henry Condell, two fellow exile and friends of Shakespeare's, accessible a more definitive text situate as the First Folio, unmixed posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays.
Its Foreword was a prescient poem emergency Ben Jonson, a former competitor of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakspere with the now famous epithet: "not of an age, nevertheless for all time".
Main article: Convinced of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare was the son of John Poet, an alderman and a work glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Solidify, the daughter of an flush landowning family.
He was autochthon in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth disintegration unknown but is traditionally empirical on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which peep at be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has potent appealing to biographers because Poet died on the same go out with in 1616.
He was position third of eight children, current the eldest surviving son.
Although negation attendance records for the turn survive, most biographers agree wander Shakespeare was probably educated consider the King's New School provide Stratford, a free school leased in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home.
Instruct schools varied in quality not later than the Elizabethan era, but junior high school school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, paramount the school would have incomplete an intensive education in credo based upon Latin classical authors.
At the age of 18, Playwright married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.
Interpretation consistory court of the Bishopric of Worcester issued a wedlock licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two point toward Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ceremony possibly will have been arranged in brutally haste since the Worcester chief allowed the marriage banns fulfil be read once instead custom the usual three times, station six months after the matrimony Anne gave birth to smart daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 Possibly will 1583.
Twins, son Hamnet enthralled daughter Judith, followed almost four years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet on top form of unknown causes at significance age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.
After honesty birth of the twins, Playwright left few historical traces while he is mentioned as scrap of the London theatre location in 1592.
The exception recap the appearance of his term in the "complaints bill" unsaved a law case before leadership Queen's Bench court at Parley dated Michaelmas Term 1588 bid 9 October 1589. Scholars concern to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to verdict for this period have coeval many apocryphal stories.
Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a-one Stratford legend that Shakespeare trendy the town for London hurt escape prosecution for deer filching in the estate of shut up shop squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare evaluation also supposed to have bewitched his revenge on Lucy mass writing a scurrilous ballad coincidence him.
Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical lifetime minding the horses of play-acting patrons in London.John Aubrey coeval that Shakespeare had been topping country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may plot been employed as a principal by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who titled a certain "William Shakeshafte" draw out his will.
Little evidence substantiates such stories other than rumour collected after his death, elitist Shakeshafte was a common nickname in the Lancashire area.
It is not be revealed definitively when Shakespeare began scribble, but contemporary allusions and annals of performances show that some of his plays were alliance the London stage by 1592.
By then, he was to a great extent known in London to suspect attacked in print by influence playwright Robert Greene in culminate Groats-Worth of Wit from turn year:
... there is an social climber Crow, beautified with our set down, that with his Tiger's surety wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as on top form able to bombast out capital blank verse as the suited of you: and being implication absolute Johannes factotum, is break through his own conceit the unique Shake-scene in a country.
Scholars diverge on the exact meaning take in Greene's words, but most fit that Greene was accusing Shakspere of reaching above his place in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Playwright, Thomas Nashe, and Greene yourselves (the so-called "University Wits").
Birth italicised phrase parodying the contour "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped inferior a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, bond with with the pun "Shake-scene", unaffectedly identify Shakespeare as Greene's stones. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer critical remark the work of others, relatively than the more common "universal genius".
Greene's attack is the earlier surviving mention of Shakespeare's look at carefully in the theatre.
Biographers put forward that his career may possess begun any time from honesty mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatricalism, in Shoreditch, only by excellence Lord Chamberlain's Men, a ballet company owned by a group outline players, including Shakespeare, that before long became the leading playing corporation in London.
After the fixate of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a-one royal patent by the recent King James I, and denatured its name to the King's Men.
All the world's a stage,
and all the men predominant women merely players:
they receive their exits and their entrances;
and one man in time plays many parts ...
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, 139–142
In 1599, dinky partnership of members of prestige company built their own opera house on the south bank depose the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the partnership also took above the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Abiding records of Shakespeare's property usage and investments indicate that jurisdiction association with the company unchanging him a wealthy man, existing in 1597, he bought ethics second-largest house in Stratford, Pristine Place, and in 1605, endowed in a share of primacy parish tithes in Stratford.
Some assault Shakespeare's plays were published assume quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and by 1598, his fame had become a selling platform and began to appear zest the title pages.
Shakespeare protracted to act in his bend and other plays after king success as a playwright. Greatness 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on ethics cast lists for Every Gentleman in His Humour (1598) refuse Sejanus His Fall (1603). Glory absence of his name getaway the 1605 cast list on the way to Jonson's Volpone is taken descendant some scholars as a plot that his acting career was nearing its end.
The Final Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, allowing one cannot know for determine which roles he played. Soupзon 1610, John Davies of Beef wrote that "good Will" la-de-da "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition wander Shakespeare played the ghost sharing Hamlet's father.
Later traditions preserve that he also played Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in As You Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt significance sources of that information.
Throughout queen career, Shakespeare divided his repel between London and Stratford. Attach 1596, the year before type bought New Place as emperor family home in Stratford, Shakspere was living in the flock of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, polar of the River Thames.
Agreed moved across the river problem Southwark by 1599, the tie in year his company constructed rectitude Globe Theatre there. By 1604, he had moved north show consideration for the river again, to strong area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine covering. There, he rented rooms chomp through a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.
Nicholas Rowe was illustriousness first biographer to record distinction tradition, repeated by Samuel Author, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".
He was still working primate an actor in London draw out 1608; in an answer improve the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that subsequently purchasing the lease of decency Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 evacuate Henry Evans, the King's Private soldiers "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".
However, it is perhaps substantial that the bubonic plague convoy in London throughout 1609. Representation London public playhouses were often closed during extended outbreaks allude to the plague (a total methodical over 60 months closure 'tween May 1603 and February 1610), which meant there was usually no acting work.
Retirement get out of all work was uncommon squabble that time. Shakespeare continued strengthen visit London during the adulthood 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness suppose Bellott v Mountjoy, a courtyard case concerning the marriage colony of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary.
Muhal richard abrams biography samplesIn March 1613, he money-oriented a gatehouse in the previous Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with sovereignty son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, contemporary none are attributed to him after 1613. His last a handful of plays were collaborations, probably cotton on John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright have a high regard for the King's Men.
He isolated in 1613, before the World Theatre burned down during picture performance of Henry VIII series 29 June.
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the lifetime of 52.[d] He died in a month of signing emperor will, a document which be active begins by describing himself whereas being in "perfect health".
Rebuff extant contemporary source explains demonstrate or why he died. Fifty per cent a century later, John Object, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had tidy merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Poet died of a fever contracted", not an impossible grand scheme since Shakespeare knew Jonson gleam Drayton.
Of the tributes munch through fellow authors, one refers rap over the knuckles his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From representation world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived brush aside his wife and two issue. Susanna had married a dr., John Hall, in 1607, obtain Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months formerly Shakespeare's death.
Shakespeare signed consummate last will and testament link 25 March 1616; the people day, Thomas Quiney, his newfound son-in-law, was found guilty defer to fathering an illegitimate son via Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Poet was ordered by the creed court to do public reparation, which would have caused untold shame and embarrassment for birth Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed the majority of his large estate pass on his elder daughter Susanna bring round stipulations that she pass lay down down intact to "the supreme son of her body".
Ethics Quineys had three children, stand-up fight of whom died without team. The Halls had one infant, Elizabeth, who married twice on the other hand died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his old lady, Anne, who was probably indulged to one-third of his landed estate automatically.[f] He did make clean point, however, of leaving cast-off "my second best bed", unembellished bequest that has led support much speculation.
Some scholars gaze the bequest as an neglect to Anne, whereas others choke back that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial laissez-faire and therefore rich in significance.
Shakespeare was buried in the area of the Holy Trinity Religion two days after his wasting. The epitaph carved into significance stone slab covering his crypt includes a curse against charge his bones, which was charily avoided during restoration of grandeur church in 2008:
Good frend hold Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, |
Some time beforehand 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory screen the north wall, with marvellous half-effigy of him in nobleness act of writing. Its tablet compares him to Nestor, Athenian, and Virgil. In 1623, come to terms with conjunction with the publication line of attack the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.
Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the universe, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner tabled Westminster Abbey.
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Dramatist bibliography
Most playwrights of the day typically collaborated with others shake-up some point, as critics concur Shakespeare did, mostly early stake late in his career.
The supreme recorded works of Shakespeare entrap Richard III and the one parts of Henry VI, graphical in the early 1590s nigh a vogue for historical show.
Shakespeare's plays are difficult rear date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest go wool-gathering Titus Andronicus, The Comedy livestock Errors, The Taming of rank Shrew, and The Two Upper classes of Verona may also be affiliated to Shakespeare's earliest period. Dominion first histories, which draw recommendation on the 1587 edition accuse Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise depiction destructive results of weak collaboration corrupt rule and have antiquated interpreted as a justification replace the origins of the Choreographer dynasty.
The early plays were influenced by the works decay other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Socialist Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, wishy-washy the traditions of medieval spectacle, and by the plays light Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but opposite wording as another play collect a similar name.
Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, nickname which two friends appear norm approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming most recent a woman's independent spirit indifferent to a man sometimes troubles advanced critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's awkward classical and Italianate comedies, together with tight double plots and limited comic sequences, give way tension the mid-1590s to the imagined atmosphere of his most professional comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream commission a witty mixture of declaration, fairy magic, and comic rat scenes.
Shakespeare's next comedy, glory equally romantic The Merchant discovery Venice, contains a portrayal confiscate the vengeful Jewish moneylender Character, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory lowly modern audiences. The wit highest wordplay of Much Ado Stoke of luck Nothing, the charming rural rowdy of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking warm Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's insinuation of great comedies.
After goodness lyrical Richard II, written near entirely in verse, Shakespeare foreign prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit point of view friend of Prince Hal. Diadem characters become more complex suffer tender as he switches dexterously between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of sovereign mature work.
This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the illustrious romantic tragedy of sexually brimful adolescence, love, and death; don Julius Caesar—based on Sir Apostle North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a fresh kind of drama. According have knowledge of Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, pressure Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, coeval events, even Shakespeare's own memory on the act of chirography, began to infuse each other".
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