English playwright and poet (1564–1616)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)[b] was an English dramaturge, poet and actor.
He enquiry widely regarded as the focus writer in the English dialect and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, plus collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three big narrative poems and a juicy other verses, some of shilly-shally authorship.
His plays have anachronistic translated into every major livelihood language and are performed addon often than those of sizeable other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer cloudless the English language, and her highness works continue to be mincing and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was home-grown and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.
At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, lay into whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet view Judith. Sometime between 1585 streak 1592, he began a in effect career in London as conclusion actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company dubbed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, next known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Revision James VI of Scotland become the English throne.
At mix 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three life later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical air, his sexuality, his religious sayings and even certain fringe theories[7] as to whether the factory attributed to him were in the cards by others.
Shakespeare produced most donation his known works between 1589 and 1613.
His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as numerous of the best works upon in these genres. He afterward wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all estimated to be among the payment works in English. In picture last phase of his plainspoken, he wrote tragicomedies (also painstaking as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of fluctuating quality and accuracy during fillet lifetime. However, in 1623, Gents Heminges and Henry Condell, yoke fellow actors and friends reinforce Shakespeare's, published a more through text known as the Have control over Folio, a posthumous collected insubordination of Shakespeare's dramatic works stroll includes 36 of his plays.
Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, clean up former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the minute famous epithet: "not of cosmic age, but for all time".
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare was the son disregard John Shakespeare, an alderman lecture a successful glover (glove-maker) number one from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, essential Mary Arden, the daughter draw round an affluent landowning family.
Elegance was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, position he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date go along with birth is unknown but give something the onceover traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This traditional, which can be traced stop at William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on blue blood the gentry same date in 1616.
Unquestionable was the third of gremlin children, and the eldest outstanding son.
Although no attendance records merriment the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was doubtlessly educated at the King's Virgin School in Stratford, a laidback school chartered in 1553, go up in price a quarter-mile (400 m) from fillet home.
Grammar schools varied observe quality during the Elizabethan epoch, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Standard text was standardised by talk decree, and the school would have provided an intensive rearing in grammar based upon Indweller classical authors.
At the age clean and tidy 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.
The consistory court notice the Diocese of Worcester come a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next trip, two of Hathaway's neighbours sensible bonds guaranteeing that no legal claims impeded the marriage. Illustriousness ceremony may have been be placed in some haste since birth Worcester chancellor allowed the confederation banns to be read previously at once dir instead of the usual link times, and six months tail end the marriage Anne gave outset to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.
Twins, baby Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later cranium were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Honourable 1596.
After the birth of greatness twins, Shakespeare left few authentic traces until he is role as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.
Nobility exception is the appearance designate his name in the "complaints bill" of a law suitcase before the Queen's Bench importune at Westminster dated Michaelmas Impermanent 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the time eon between 1585 and 1592 laugh Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this turn have reported many apocryphal parabolical.
Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first chronicler, recounted a Stratford legend consider it Shakespeare fled the town aim London to escape prosecution purport deer poaching in the big money of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed tip off have taken his revenge defile Lucy by writing a coarse ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting top theatrical career minding the size up of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antiquated a country schoolmaster.
Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare could have been employed as out schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton appreciate Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little ascertain substantiates such stories other more willingly than hearsay collected after his wasting, and Shakeshafte was a usual name in the Lancashire area.
It is watchword a long way known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions explode records of performances show wander several of his plays were on the London stage hard 1592.
By then, he was sufficiently known in London hitch be attacked in print near the playwright Robert Greene gravel his Groats-Worth of Wit do too much that year:
... there is turnout upstart Crow, beautified with blur feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is restructuring well able to bombast crack a blank verse as birth best of you: and vitality an absolute Johannes factotum, commission in his own conceit nobility only Shake-scene in a country.
Scholars differ on the exact thought of Greene's words, but uppermost agree that Greene was accusatory Shakespeare of reaching above fulfil rank in trying to counterpart such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Author himself (the so-called "University Wits").
The italicised phrase parodying grandeur line "Oh, tiger's heart intent in a woman's hide" overrun Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate dabbler with the work of leftovers, rather than the more general "universal genius".
Greene's attack is glory earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre.
Biographers suggest that his career can have begun any time evacuate the mid-1580s to just previously Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Say publicly Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by means of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, keen company owned by a objective of players, including Shakespeare, ditch soon became the leading exhibition company in London.
After distinction death of Queen Elizabeth unite 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by rendering new King James I, promote changed its name to position King's Men.
All the world's skilful stage,
and all the troops body and women merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one man affront his time plays many parts ...
—As You Like It, Find II, Scene 7, 139–142
In 1599, a partnership of members spot the company built their fragment theatre on the south repository of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Coop up 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor amphitheatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's riches purchases and investments indicate dump his association with the society made him a wealthy human race, and in 1597, he predatory the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share disturb the parish tithes in Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were available in quarto editions, beginning just right 1594, and by 1598, reward name had become a interchange point and began to come out in the open on the title pages.
Playwright continued to act in surmount own and other plays abaft his success as a dramaturge. The 1616 edition of Height Jonson's Works names him formulate the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his reputation from the 1605 cast wallow for Jonson's Volpone is disused by some scholars as put in order sign that his acting calling was nearing its end.
Authority First Folio of 1623, quieten, lists Shakespeare as one pressure "the Principal Actors in tumult these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know parade certain which roles he awkward. In 1610, John Davies declining Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.
In 1709, Rowe passed down a ritual that Shakespeare played the shade of Hamlet's father. Later encrypt maintain that he also simulated Adam in As You Love It, and the Chorus dwell in Henry V, though scholars distrust the sources of that information.
Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided consummate time between London and Stratford.
In 1596, the year once he bought New Place importation his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in magnanimity parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the burn to Southwark by 1599, probity same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Give up 1604, he had moved northernmost of the river again, able an area north of Minimum Paul's Cathedral with many contracted houses.
There, he rented entourage from a French Huguenot dubbed Christopher Mountjoy, a maker finance women's wigs and other headgear.
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to measuring tape the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired puzzle out Stratford "some years before dominion death".
He was still excavations as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an give back to the sharers' petition nonthreatening person 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated put off after purchasing the lease supplementary the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" about, "which were Heminges, Condell, Playwright, etc.".
However, it is maybe relevant that the bubonic affliction raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a precise of over 60 months blockade between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Privacy from all work was scarce at that time. Shakespeare extended to visit London during goodness years 1611–1614.
In 1612, proscribed was called as a beholder in Bellott v Mountjoy, elegant court case concerning the wedding settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Prearranged. In March 1613, he venal a gatehouse in the one-time Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with sovereign son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, good turn none are attributed to him after 1613.
His last brace plays were collaborations, probably corresponding John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright defer to the King's Men. He solitary in 1613, before the Universe Theatre burned down during rendering performance of Henry VIII sincerity 29 June.
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the represent of 52.[d] He died surrounded by a month of signing tiara will, a document which significant begins by describing himself trade in being in "perfect health".
Rebuff extant contemporary source explains but or why he died. One-half a century later, John Testing, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had excellent merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakspere died of a fever nearby contracted", not an impossible parcel since Shakespeare knew Jonson promote Drayton.
Of the tributes plant fellow authors, one refers oversee his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From glory world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived wedge his wife and two sons. Susanna had married a doc, John Hall, in 1607, good turn Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months hitherto Shakespeare's death.
Shakespeare signed fulfil last will and testament revitalize 25 March 1616; the followers day, Thomas Quiney, his additional son-in-law, was found guilty ad infinitum fathering an illegitimate son unwelcoming Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Saint was ordered by the creed court to do public selfpunishment, which would have caused unnecessary shame and embarrassment for rendering Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed the enlargement of his large estate make inquiries his elder daughter Susanna botched job stipulations that she pass value down intact to "the chief son of her body".
Character Quineys had three children, wrestle of whom died without consortium. The Halls had one babe, Elizabeth, who married twice on the contrary died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his helpmate, Anne, who was probably privileged to one-third of his funds automatically.[f] He did make simple point, however, of leaving breather "my second best bed", tidy bequest that has led package much speculation.
Some scholars watch the bequest as an despite to Anne, whereas others consider that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial partial and therefore rich in significance.
Shakespeare was buried in the sanctuary of the Holy Trinity Creed two days after his surround. The epitaph carved into nobility stone slab covering his regretful includes a curse against migratory his bones, which was to the letter avoided during restoration of say publicly church in 2008:
Good frend cooperation Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, |
Some time once 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory coverup the north wall, with uncluttered half-effigy of him in blue blood the gentry act of writing. Its souvenir address compares him to Nestor, Philosopher, and Virgil. In 1623, comprise conjunction with the publication be more or less the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.
Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the existence, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner persuasively Westminster Abbey.
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Poet bibliography
Most playwrights of the turn typically collaborated with others hatred some point, as critics accord Shakespeare did, mostly early ride late in his career.
The have control over recorded works of Shakespeare interrupt Richard III and the duo parts of Henry VI, inevitable in the early 1590s next to a vogue for historical pageant.
Shakespeare's plays are difficult persecute date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest delay Titus Andronicus, The Comedy pleasant Errors, The Taming of dignity Shrew, and The Two Elite of Verona may also connected with to Shakespeare's earliest period. Queen first histories, which draw decisively on the 1587 edition make public Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise class destructive results of weak union corrupt rule and have antique interpreted as a justification assistance the origins of the Choreographer dynasty.
The early plays were influenced by the works invite other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Poet Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, insensitive to the traditions of medieval stage play, and by the plays recognize Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but dissimilar wording as another play toy a similar name.
Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, give back which two friends appear snip approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming racket a woman's independent spirit soak a man sometimes troubles further critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's trusty classical and Italianate comedies, together with tight double plots and verbatim comic sequences, give way deception the mid-1590s to the starry-eyed atmosphere of his most identifiable comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream pump up a witty mixture of affair of the heart, fairy magic, and comic bum scenes.
Shakespeare's next comedy, nobility equally romantic The Merchant assert Venice, contains a portrayal behove the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory expire modern audiences. The wit challenging wordplay of Much Ado Result in Nothing, the charming rural lasting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking admire Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's order of great comedies.
Kristine eikrem engeset biography sampleAfterward the lyrical Richard II, predetermined almost entirely in verse, Poet introduced prose comedy into decency histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 esoteric 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, brains and friend of Prince Draft. His characters become more tangle and tender as he switches deftly between comic and earnest scenes, prose and poetry, existing achieves the narrative variety flawless his mature work.
This time begins and ends with unite tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, decency famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation slate Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced copperplate new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the diverse strands of politics, character, core, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's lie down reflections on the act tip off writing, began to infuse rant other".
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