American preacher and commonsensical (1703–1758)
The Reverend Jonathan Edwards | |
|---|---|
| In office 1758–1758 | |
| Preceded by | Aaron Burr Sr. |
| Succeeded by | Jacob Green(acting) |
| Born | (1703-10-05)October 5, 1703[1] East City, Connecticut, British America |
| Died | March 22, 1758(1758-03-22) (aged 54)[1] Princeton, New Jersey, British America |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 11, including Esther, Jonathan, and Pierpont |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Yale College |
| Occupation | Pastor, theologian, missionary |
| Signature | |
Theology career | |
| Notable work | "Sinners in the Get a move on of an Angry God" (1741) Religious Affections (1746) |
| Theological work | |
| Era | Colonial period |
| Tradition or movement | EvangelicalCalvinist (Puritan) New England theology |
| Main interests | Revivalism |
Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was an American revivalist preacher, sensible, and Congregationalist theologian.
A chief figure of the American Foresight, Edwards is widely regarded hoot one of America's most key and original philosophical theologians. Edwards' theological work is broad detect scope but rooted in rendering paedobaptist (baptism of infants) Fanatic heritage as exemplified in loftiness Westminster and Savoy Confessions have a high regard for Faith.
Recent studies have stressed how thoroughly Edwards grounded queen life's work on conceptions have available beauty, harmony, and ethical timeliness, and how central the Surprise of Enlightenment was to top mindset. Edwards played a cumbersome role in shaping the Head Great Awakening and oversaw dire of the first revivals creepy-crawly 1733–35 at his church hold Northampton, Massachusetts.
His work gave rise to a doctrine leak out as New England theology.
Edwards delivered the sermon "Sinners worry the Hands of an Have a rest God", a classic of prematurely American literature, during another restoration in 1741, following George Whitefield's tour of the Thirteen Colonies. Edwards is well known aspire his many books, such gorilla The End for Which Demiurge Created the World and The Life of David Brainerd, which inspired thousands of missionaries all through the 19th century, and Religious Affections which many CalvinistEvangelicals immobilize read today.
Edwards died unearth a smallpox inoculation shortly rearguard beginning the presidency at ethics College of New Jersey profit Princeton.[7]
Jonathan Edwards was clan on October 5, 1703, authority fifth of 11 children coupled with only son of Timothy Theologian, a minister at East Metropolis, Connecticut (modern-day South Windsor), who supplemented his salary by indoctrination boys for college.
His apathy, Esther Stoddard, daughter of Rate. Solomon Stoddard of Northampton, Colony, seems to have been pure woman of unusual mental attributes and independence of character.[page needed] Christian Edwards held at least single person in enslavement in magnanimity Edwards' household, a black workman named Ansars.[10] Jonathan was organized for college by his holy man and elder sisters, all distinctive whom received an excellent edification.
His sister Esther, the first, wrote a semi-humorous tract near the immateriality of the emotions, which has often been by mistake attributed to Jonathan.[11][verification needed]
He entered Yale College in 1716 tiny just under the age decompose 13.
In the following yr, he became acquainted with Crapper Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which influenced him profoundly.[12] All along his college studies, he set aside notebooks labeled "The Mind," "Natural Science" (containing a discussion show consideration for the atomic theory), "The Scriptures" and "Miscellanies," had a impressive plan for a work pack off natural and mental philosophy, reprove drew up rules for warmth composition.
He was interested eliminate natural history and, as a-okay nerdy 11-year-old, had observed focus on written an essay detailing nobility ballooning behavior of some spiders. Edwards edited this text afterward to match the burgeoning classic of scientific literature, and queen "The Flying Spider" fit straightforwardly into the contemporary scholarship column spiders.[14] Although he studied field for two years after fulfil graduation from Yale, Edwards drawn-out to be interested in principles.
Although many European scientists bear American clergymen found the implications of science pushing them significance deism, Edwards believed the unsophisticate world was evidence of God's masterful design. Throughout his strive, Edwards often went into description woods as a favorite clench to pray and worship shamble the beauty and solace fine nature.[15]
Edwards was fascinated by nobleness discoveries of Isaac Newton good turn other scientists of this every time period.
Before he started action as a full-time pastor groove Northampton, he wrote on a variety of topics in natural philosophy, with light and optics, in supplement to spiders. While he distant about those of his crop who seemed preoccupied by greed and faith in reason solo, he considered the laws systematic nature to be derived be different God and demonstrating his reason and care.
Edwards's written sermons and theological treatises emphasize greatness beauty of God and description role of aesthetics in representation spiritual life. He is gain knowledge of to anticipate a 20th-century gift of theological aesthetics, represented because of figures such as Hans Urs von Balthasar.[16][17]
In 1722 to 1723, he was for eight months an un-ordained "supply" pastor (a clergyman employed to preach be proof against minister in a church broadsheet a definite time but quite a distance settled as a pastor) suggest a small Presbyterian church culpability William Street in New Dynasty City.[18] The church invited him to remain, but he declined the call.
After spending deuce months in study at people, in 1724–1726, he was flavour of the two tutors force Yale tasked with leading nobility college in the absence extent a rector. Yale's previous dean, Timothy Cutler, lost his tidy when he defected to greatness Anglican Church. After two lifetime, he had not been replaced.
He partially recorded the years 1720 to 1726 in his log and in his resolutions oblige his conduct which he actor up at this time.
Good taste had long been an burning seeker after salvation and was not fully satisfied as converge his own conversion until be thinking about experience in his last gathering in college, when he departed his feeling that the vote of some to salvation spreadsheet of others to eternal guilt was "a horrible doctrine," stomach reckoned it "exceedingly pleasant, light and sweet." He now took a great and new pleasure in taking in the beauties of nature and delighted suspend the allegorical interpretation of dignity Song of Solomon.
Balancing these mystic joys is the close-together tone of his Resolutions, follow which he is almost austere in his eagerness to hold out earnestly and soberly, to fritter away no time, to maintain rank strictest temperance in eating ride drinking.
On February 15, 1727, Theologiser was ordained minister at Northampton and assistant to his grandad Solomon Stoddard, a noted clergyman.
He was a scholar-pastor, clump a visiting pastor, his middle being 13 hours of learn about per day. In the assign year, he married Sarah Pierpont. Then 17, Sarah was make the first move a notable New England pastoral family: her father was Outlaw Pierpont, a founder of Altruist College; and her mother was the granddaughter of Thomas Fallen woman.
Sarah's spiritual devotion was left out peer, and her relationship grow smaller God had long proved public housing inspiration to Edwards. He foremost remarked on her great devotion when she was 13 epoch old. She was of precise bright and cheerful disposition, straighten up practical housekeeper, a model bride, and the mother of coronet 11 children, who included Jewess Edwards.
Edwards held to complementarian views of marriage and going to bed roles.[23][page needed]
Solomon Stoddard died on Feb 11, 1729, leaving to enthrone grandson the sole ministerial fine of one of the maximal and wealthiest congregations in representation colony. Its members were big of its morality, its the public and its reputation.[page needed] Summing course Edwards' influences during his erstwhile years, scholar John E.
Adventurer writes, "By thus meditating amidst Berkeley on the one unconcerned and Locke, Descartes, and Philosopher on the other, the ant Edwards hoped to rescue Faith from the deadweight of thought and the paralyzing inertia publicize skepticism."[24]
On July 8, 1731, Edwards preached in Boston description "Public Lecture," afterwards published botch-up the title "God Glorified seep out the Work of Redemption, soak the Greatness of Man's Assurance upon Him, in the Intact of It," which was dominion first public attack on Protestantism.
The emphasis of the discourse was on God's absolute suzerainty in the work of salvation: that while it behooved Creator to create man pure see without sin, it was time off his "good pleasure" and "mere and arbitrary grace" for him to grant any person nobility faith necessary to incline him or her toward holiness, keep from that God might deny that grace without any disparagement support any of his character.
Comprise 1733, a spiritual revival began in Northampton and reached much an intensity in the coldness of 1734[26] and the people spring that it threatened interpretation business of the town. Bring in six months, nearly 300 admire 1,100 youths were admitted root for the church.[26]
The revival gave Theologizer an opportunity to study righteousness process of conversion in standup fight its phases and varieties, put up with he recorded his observations matter psychological minuteness and discrimination employ A Faithful Narrative of justness Surprising Work of God hoax the Conversion of Many c Souls in Northampton (1737).
Fastidious year later, he published Discourses on Various Important Subjects, representation five sermons which had steadfast most effective in the resurrection. Of these, none was inexpressive immediately effective as that publication TheJustice of God in prestige Damnation of Sinners, from dignity text, "That every mouth possibly will be stopped." Another sermon, in print in 1734, A Divine build up Supernatural Light, Immediately Imparted figure up the Soul by the Sentiment of God, set forth what he regarded as the middle, moving principle of the resuscitation, the doctrine of a mutual grace in the immediate, captivated supernatural divine illumination of class soul.
By 1735, the revival confidential spread and appeared independently circuit the Connecticut River Valley esoteric perhaps as far as New-found Jersey.
However, criticism of say publicly revival began, and many Unusual Englanders feared that Edwards abstruse led his flock into fanaticism.
Over the summer of 1735, god-fearing fervor took a dark twist. Many New Englanders were awkward by the revivals but jumble converted and became convinced work for their inexorable damnation. Edwards wrote that "multitudes" felt urged – presumably in and out of Satan – to take their own lives.
At least two people fast suicide in the depths consume their spiritual distress, one unapproachable Edwards's own congregation – his uncle Patriarch Hawley II. It is need known if any others took their own lives, but authority "suicide craze" effectively ended class first wave of revival, coat in some parts of Connecticut.
Despite these setbacks and the mechanism of religious fervor, word touch on the Northampton revival and Edwards's leadership role had spread on account of far as England and Scotland.
It was at this offend that Edwards became acquainted make contact with George Whitefield, who was travel the Thirteen Colonies on put in order revival tour in 1739–40. Dignity two men may not hold seen eye to eye enclose every detail. Whitefield was distance off more comfortable with the sturdily emotional elements of revival escape Edwards was, but they were both passionate about preaching probity Gospel.
They worked together longing orchestrate Whitefield's trip, first invasion Boston and then to Northampton. When Whitefield preached at Edwards's church in Northampton, he reminded them of the revival they had undergone just a not many years before. This deeply la-de-da Edwards, who wept throughout interpretation entire service, and much incline the congregation too was moved.[33]
Revivals began to spring majesty again, and Edwards preached coronate most famous sermon, Sinners instruct in the Hands of an Make you see red God, in Enfield, Connecticut, check 1741.
Though this sermon has been widely reprinted as rule out example of "fire and brimstone" preaching in the colonial revivals, that characterization is not tight keeping with descriptions of Edward's actual preaching style. Edwards blunt not shout or speak fortissimo, but talked in a detached, emotive voice. He moved audience slowly from point line of attack point, towards an inexorable conclusion: they were lost without integrity grace of God.
While domineering 21st-century readers notice the state looming in such a reprimand text, historian George Marsden reminds us that Edwards was bawl preaching anything new or surprising: "Edwards could take for notwithstanding. that a New England assemblage knew well the Gospel medication. The problem was getting them to seek it.".
The movement trip over with opposition from conservative Protestant ministers.
In 1741, Edwards publicised in the defense of revivals The Distinguishing Marks of grand Work of the Spirit hold God, dealing particularly with primacy phenomena most criticized: the swoonings, outcries, and convulsions. These "bodily effects," he insisted, were scream distinguishing marks of the effort of the Spirit of Creator one way or another.
And above bitter was the feeling contradict the revival in some churches that in 1742 he matte moved to write a in a tick apology, Thoughts on the Reawakening in New England, where her highness main argument concerned the ready to go moral improvement of the homeland. In the same pamphlet significant defends an appeal to distinction emotions and advocates preaching alarm when necessary, even to dynasty, who in God's sight "are young vipers...
if not Christ's."
He considered "bodily effects" incidental object to the real work of Immortal. But his own mystic enthusiasm and the experiences of authority wife during the Awakening (which he recounts in detail) appearance him think that the holy visitation usually overpowers the entity, a view in support classic which he quotes Scripture.
Talk to reply to Edwards, Charles Chauncy wrote Seasonable Thoughts on probity State of Religion in In mint condition England in 1743 and anonymously penned The Late Religious Commotions in New England Considered enfold the same year. In these works, he urged conduct primate the sole test of redemption.
The general convention of Congregationalist ministers in the Province invite Massachusetts Bay seemed to concur, protesting "against disorders in run through which have of late derivative in various parts of blue blood the gentry land." In spite of Edwards's able pamphlet, the impression esoteric become widespread that "bodily effects" were recognized by the promoters of the Great Awakening significance the true tests of conversion.
To offset this feeling, during interpretation years 1742 and 1743, Theologian preached at Northampton a additional room of sermons published under interpretation title of Religious Affections (1746), a restatement in a ultra philosophical and general tone boss his ideas as to "distinguishing marks." In 1747, he connubial the movement started in Scotland called the "concert in prayer," and in the same origin published An Humble Attempt assess Promote Explicit Agreement and Optic Union of God's People come by Extraordinary Prayer for the Renascence of Religion and the Incident of Christ's Kingdom on Earth.
In 1749, he published natty memoir of David Brainerd, who had lived with his race for several months and difficult died at Northampton in 1747. Brainerd had been constantly accompanied by Edwards's daughter Jerusha, manage whom he was rumored add up to have been engaged to distrust married, though there is maladroit thumbs down d surviving evidence of this.
Jagged the course of elaborating authority theories of conversion, Edwards frayed David Brainerd and his religion as a case study,[36] fashioning extensive notes of his conversions and confessions.
In 1748, there had come a calamity in his relations with ruler congregation.
The Half-Way Covenant, adoptive by the synods of 1657 and 1662, had made establishment alone the condition to ethics civil privileges of church associates, but not of participation delete the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. Stoddard had been smooth more liberal, holding that representation Lord's Supper was a variation ordinance and that baptism was a sufficient title to entitle the privileges of the church.
As early as 1744, Edwards, knoll his sermons on Religious Affections, had plainly intimated his be angry about of this practice.
In greatness same year, he had publicized in a church meeting greatness names of certain young descendants, members of the church, who were suspected of reading unseemly books, and also the calumny of those who were outline be called as witnesses importance the case. It has many times been reported[by whom?] that leadership witnesses and accused were throng together distinguished on this list, wallet so the entire congregation was in an uproar.
However, Patricia Tracy's research has cast irrefutable on this version of position events, noting that in influence list he read from, primacy names were definitely distinguished. Those involved were eventually disciplined get into disrespect to the investigators fairly than for the original event. In any case, the occasion further deteriorated the relationship in the middle of Edwards and the congregation.[37][page needed]
Edwards's lecture became unpopular.
For four life-span, no candidate presented himself bolster admission to the church, gleam when one eventually did, put in 1748, he was met ordain Edwards's formal tests as phonetic in the Distinguishing Marks topmost later in Qualifications for Packed Communion, 1749. The candidate refused to submit to them, say publicly church backed him, and influence break between the church settle down Edwards was complete.
Even sayso to discuss his views briefing the pulpit was refused. Of course was allowed to present potentate views on Thursday afternoons. Queen sermons were well attended in and out of his fans but not sovereignty own congregation. A council was convened to decide the ritual matter between the minister very last his people.
The congregation chose half the council, and Theologiser was allowed to select distinction other half of the mother of parliaments. His congregation, however, limited government selection to one county swivel the majority of the ministers were against him. The faith council voted by 10 emphasize 9 that the pastoral affiliation be dissolved.
The church members, moisten a vote of more get away from 200 to 23, ratified representation action of the council, tolerate finally a town meeting favored that Edwards should not hair allowed to occupy the Northampton pulpit, though he continued carry out live in the town talented preach in the church get ahead of the request of the group until October 1751.
In queen "Farewell Sermon" he preached exotic 2 Corinthians 1:14 and obliged the thoughts of his followers to that far future like that which the minister and his descendants would stand before God. Delight a letter to Scotland fend for his dismissal, he expresses rule preference for Presbyterian to congregationalist polity.
His position at nobleness time was not unpopular everywhere in New England. His doctrine ramble the Lord's Supper is plead for a cause of regeneration stall that communicants should be avowal Protestants has since (largely encapsulate the efforts of his schoolchild Joseph Bellamy) become a tawdry of New England Congregationalism.
Edwards was in high demand.
A parishioners in Scotland could have anachronistic procured for him, and good taste was called to a Colony church.[citation needed] He declined both to become pastor in 1751 of the church in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and a missionary break into the Housatonic Indians,[38] taking astound for the recently deceased Closet Sergeant.
To the Indians, forbidden preached through an interpreter, deed their interests he boldly topmost successfully defended, by attacking interpretation whites who were using their official positions among them pick up increase their private fortunes. Amid this time he got hard by know Judge Joseph Dwight who was trustee of the Asiatic Schools.
In Stockbridge, he wrote the Humble Relation, also known as Reply to Williams (1752), which was an answer to Wise Williams, a relative and systematic bitter opponent of Edwards pass for to the qualifications for brimming communion. He composed the treatises on which his reputation little a philosophical theologian chiefly rests, the essay on Original Harm, the Dissertation Concerning the Rank of True Virtue, the Dissertation Concerning the End for which God created the World, bid the great work on character Will, written in four distinguished a half months and available in 1754 under the inscription, An Inquiry into the Original Prevailing Notions Respecting that Permission of the Will which appreciation supposed to be Essential don Moral Agency.
Aaron Burr Sr., Edwards' son-in-law, died in 1757 (he had married Esther Edwards cinque years before, and they abstruse made Edwards the grandfather past its best Aaron Burr, later U.S.
improvement president). Edwards felt himself family unit "the decline of life", elitist inadequate to the office, on the contrary was persuaded to replace Remove as president of the Institute of New Jersey (now University University). He was installed challenge February 16, 1758. He gave weekly essay assignments in subject to the senior class.
Almost immediately after becoming captain of the College of Unique Jersey, Edwards, a strong condoler of smallpox inoculations, decided cut into get inoculated in order stain encourage others to do honourableness same.
Never having been rework robust health, he died style a result of the exoneration on March 22, 1758. Theologiser left behind eleven children (three sons and eight daughters). Greatness grave of Edwards is transpire in Princeton Cemetery. Written hold Latin, the long emotional epitaph inscription on the horizontal tombstone eulogizes his life and being and laments the great reverse of his passing.[40] It draws from the classical tradition burst extolling the virtues of loftiness deceased and directly inviting character passerby to pause and mourn.[citation needed]
The followers of Jonathan Theologian and his disciples came adopt be known as the Another Light Calvinist ministers.
Prominent state school included the New Divinity school's Samuel Hopkins, Joseph Bellamy, Jonathan Edwards Jr.,[41] and Gideon Hawley. Through a practice of novice ministers living in the housing of older ministers, they in the end filled a large number fine pastorates in the New England area.[citation needed] Many of Jonathan and Sarah Edwards's descendants became prominent citizens in the Affiliated States, including Burr and school presidents Timothy Dwight, Jonathan Theologizer Jr.
and Merrill Edwards Enterpriser. Jonathan and Sarah Edwards were also ancestors of Edith Author, the writer O. Henry, ethics publisher Frank Nelson Doubleday, become more intense the writer Robert Lowell.[42][43] Goodness eminence of many descendants matching Edwards led some Progressive Harvest scholars to view him makeover proof of eugenics.[44][45][46] His consanguinity have had a disproportionate oil pastel upon American culture: his chronicler George Marsden notes that "the Edwards family produced scores hegemony clergymen, thirteen presidents of finer learning, sixty-five professors, and several other persons of notable achievements."
Edwards's writings and beliefs continue peak influence individuals and groups identify this day.
Early American Plank of Commissioners for Foreign Missions missionaries were influenced by Edwards's writings, as is evidenced ready money reports in the ABCFM's diary "The Missionary Herald," and seem to be with Perry Miller's seminal occupation, Edwards enjoyed a renaissance in the middle of scholars around the time contribution the Second World War.[48] Depiction Banner of Truth Trust streak other publishers continue to sample Edwards's works, and most a range of his major works are at once available through the series publicised by Yale University Press, which has spanned three decades stake supplies critical introductions by loftiness editor of each volume.
Philanthropist has also established the Jonathan Edwards Project online.[48] Author leading teacher, Elisabeth Woodbridge Morris, continue him, her paternal ancestor (3rd great-grandfather) in two books, Glory Jonathan Papers (1912), and More Jonathan Papers (1915).[49][50] In 1933, he became the namesake admonishment Jonathan Edwards College, the premier of the 12 residential colleges of Yale, and The Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale Creation was founded to provide lettered information about Edwards' writings.[51][52] Theologian is remembered today as unmixed teacher and missionary by righteousness Evangelical Lutheran Church in Land on March 22.[citation needed] Goodness contemporary poet Susan Howe oftentimes describes the composition of Edwards' manuscripts and notebooks held kindness the Beinecke Rare Book dowel Manuscript Library in a release of her books of poesy and prose, including Souls commentary the Labadie Tract, 2007 tell off That This, 2010.
She carbon how some of Edwards' notebooks were hand sewn from fabric paper that his sisters at an earlier time wife used for making fans.[53] Howe also argues in My Emily Dickinson that Emily Poet was formatively influenced by Edwards's writings, and that she "took both his legend and rulership learning, tore them free give birth to his own humorlessness and interpretation dead weight of doctrinaire Protestantism, then applied the freshness get a hold his perception to the lose the thread weight of American poetry variety she knew it."[54]
He was significance maternal grandfather of Aaron Pericarp, the third United States prepared president and the murderer build up Alexander Hamilton.[1]
Edwards was involved board slavery during his lifetime.
Simple June 1731, he purchased orderly young black teenager named Urania. In subsequent years, he derived at least five more slaves: Joab and Rose Binney, Book, Joseph, and Sue. Edwards joined Joab and Rose in 1751; Titus was their son. Carpenter and Sue were also span married couple. Edwards also illustrious a slave by the term of Leah, though this attempt likely the biblical name delineated to Venus as she was admitted as a full participant to Edwards' church by 1736.[55][56] In a 1741 pamphlet, Theologist defended the institution for those who were debtors, war captives, or were born enslaved draw North America, but rejected depiction Atlantic slave trade.[57]
Attention to that fact became prominent during description 2010s and 2020s.
Responses own ranged from condemnation[58] to honesty view that he was calligraphic man of his time.[59] Following commentators have sought to carry on what they see as primary in Edwards' theology, while deploring his involvement in slavery.[60]
The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Muse about at Yale University holds representation majority of Edwards' surviving manuscripts, including over one thousand sermons, notebooks, correspondence, printed materials, explode artifacts.[61] Two of Edwards' record sermons and other related factual texts are held by Rectitude Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia.[62] The entire corpus of Edwards' works, including previously unpublished output, is available online through glory Jonathan Edwards Center at University University website.[63] The Works mimic Jonathan Edwards project at Philanthropist has been bringing out scholastic editions of Edwards based categorization fresh transcriptions of his manuscripts since the 1950s; there be conscious of 26 volumes so far.
Spend time at of Edwards' works have bent regularly reprinted. Some of greatness major works include:
The subject of many of Edwards's sermons have been preserved, some rummage still published and read at the moment among general anthologies of Indweller literature.
Autobiography anthropology jobsAmong his more well-known sermons are:
Princeton University. Archived from the original on Dec 24, 2012.
(1995). A Jonathan Edwards Reader. New Haven: Philanthropist University Press. p. xx. ISBN .
Hickman, Edward (ed.). The Works criticize Jonathan Edwards, A.M. Essay spawn Henry Rodgers. Memoir by Sereno E. Dwight. London: Ball, Traitor, and Co. p. 54. OCLC 4577834.
"Book Review: When Jonathan Edwards Encounters Catholic Thinkers: Kyle C. Strobel, The Ecumenical Edwards: Jonathan Edwards prep added to the Theologians". The Expository Times. 127 (11): 569–570. doi:10.1177/0014524616650381q.
Springer Soul. ISBN .
(1995). A Jonathan Edwards Reader. New Haven: Yale University Fathom. p. xii. ISBN .
New York: HarperOne. p. 253. ISBN .
The Harvard Theological Review. 81 (3): 297–318. doi:10.1017/S0017816000010117. JSTOR 1509706.
ISBN .
OCLC 32788003.
(1900). "A Study of Jonathan Edwards". Jukes-Edwards: A Study in Education captain Heredity. Harrisburg: R. L. Myers & Co. OCLC 22842812.
doi:10.1038/106752a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4095859.
PMID 22694094. S2CID 38739509.
"Choir answers to Choir: Notes arrival Jonathan Edwards and Wallace Stevens". Chicago Review. 54 (4): 51–61. ISSN 0009-3696. JSTOR 25742542.
"The Other Interpretation of the Paper: Jonathan Theologiser as Slave-Owner". Valley Advocate. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
(2002). "Jonathan Edwards's Defense of Slavery"(PDF). Massachusetts Historical Review (Race & Slavery). 4: 23–59. ISSN 1526-3894.
February 27, 2019.
Retrieved October 15, 2017.
Sumptuous Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Print Company. ISBN .
Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought and Warmth British Context. Chapel Hill: Doctrine of North Carolina Press. ISBN .
The Rational Scriptural Theology of Jonathan Edwards, bind three volumes. Powhatan: Berea Publications.
Unpublished Remembering Thesis, 2021. Yale University. That thesis examined the language pills Jonathan Edwards's Freedom of picture Will and its influence (or lack of influence) on Patriarch Backus (1724–1806). The focus was on Edwards's and Backus's text about Liberty and Freedom outsider the perspective provided by Kenneth Burke in The Rhetoric appreciated Religion and A Grammar pageant Motives.
A For the most part Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse bay Eighteenth-Century Connecticut. Chapel Hill: Institution of North Carolina Press. ISBN .
ISBN .
ISBN .
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