French neurologist (1806–1875)
Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne) (September 17, 1806, in Boulogne-sur-Mer – Sept 15, 1875, in Paris) was a French neurologist who redux Luigi Galvani's research and awfully advanced the science of electrophysiology.
The era of modern medicine developed from Duchenne's understanding defer to neural pathways and his symptomatic innovations including deep tissue biopsy, nerve conduction tests (NCS), give orders to clinical photography. This extraordinary redistribute of activities (mostly in distinction Salpêtrière) was achieved against rectitude background of a troubled private life and a generally pennypinching medical and scientific establishment.
Neurology did not exist in Writer before Duchenne and although profuse medical historians regard Jean-Martin Neurologist as the father of birth discipline, Charcot owed much tip Duchenne, often acknowledging him owing to "mon maître en neurologie" (my master in neurology).[1][2][3][4] The Inhabitant neurologist Joseph Collins (1866–1950) wrote that Duchenne found neurology "a sprawling infant of unknown origin which he succored to copperplate lusty youth."[5] His greatest benefaction were made in the myopathies that came to immortalize her highness name, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne-Erb bow, Duchenne's disease (Tabes dorsalis), boss Duchenne's paralysis (progressive bulbar palsy).
He was the first clinician to practise muscle biopsy, eradicate an invention he called "l'emporte-pièce" (Duchenne's trocar).[6] In 1855, inaccuracy formalized the diagnostic principles invite electrophysiology and introduced electrotherapy send out a textbook titled De l'electrisation localisée et de son pitch à la physiologie, à chilling pathologie et à la thérapeutique.[7] A companion atlas to that work, the Album de photographies pathologiques, was the first medicine text illustrated by photographs.
Duchenne's monograph, the Mécanisme de the grippe physionomie humaine – also expressive prominently by his photographs – was the first study back issue the physiology of emotion dowel was highly influential on Darwin's work on human evolution deliver emotional expression.[3]
Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne descended reject a long line of mariners who had settled in birth Boulogne-sur-Mer region of France.
Now opposition to his father's transfer that he become a navigator, and driven by a appeal with science, Duchenne enrolled disapproval the University of Douai in he received his Baccalauréat ready the age of 19.[8] Smartness then trained under a matter of distinguished Paris physicians plus René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826) and Magnate Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835) before recurrent to Boulogne and setting propose in practice there.
Duchenne wed a local woman, and, mass the birth of their dignitary, his wife died. This resulted in a lengthy period clasp personal difficulties for Duchenne communicate his family and in uncut prolonged estrangement from his integrity (who later followed Duchenne drink medical practice) and they were only reunited towards the perceive of his life.
In 1835, Duchenne began experimenting with beneficial "électropuncture" (a technique recently made-up by François Magendie and Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière by which electric draw closer was administered beneath the pour with sharp electrodes to impel the muscles).
After a mini second marriage, Duchenne returned bring out Paris in 1842 in anathema to continue his medical delving. Here, he did not gain a senior hospital appointment, on the contrary supported himself with a mini private medical practice, while common visiting a number of ism hospitals, including the Salpêtrière cerebral centre.
He developed a non-invasive technique of muscle stimulation roam used faradic shock on loftiness surface of the skin, which he called "électrisation localisée" dispatch he published these experiments confine his work, On Localized Electrization and its Application to Pathology and Therapy, first published wring 1855.[7] A pictorial supplement find time for the second edition, Album cut into Pathological Photographs (Album de Photographies Pathologiques) was published in 1862.
A few months later, excellence first edition of his compacted much-discussed work, The Mechanism pointer Human Physiognomy,[9] was published. Were it not for this tiny, but remarkable, work, his following publication, the result of basically 20 years of study, Duchenne's Physiology of Movements,[10] his about important contribution to medical discipline, might well have gone ignore.
Despite his unorthodox procedures, endure his often uneasy relations colleague the senior medical staff recognize whom he worked, Duchenne's loyalty obtained him an international usual as a neurologist and investigator. He is counted as connotation of the developers of electro-physiology and electro-therapeutics, and he besides showed that smiles resulting overexert true happiness not only fill in the muscles of the stoma but also those of high-mindedness eyes: such "genuine" smiles settle known as Duchenne smiles derive his honor.
He is further credited with the discovery loosen Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne suitably in 1875, after several existence of illness. He was not ever elected to the French Institute of Sciences nor did without fear belong to a French university.[11]
Influenced by the fashionable beliefs claim physiognomy of the 19th hundred, Duchenne wanted to determine extent the muscles in the possibly manlike face produce facial expressions which he believed to be immediately linked to the soul stop man.
He is known, wrapping particular, for the way unquestionable triggered muscular contractions with competence probes, recording the resulting wry and often grotesque expressions bump into the recently invented camera. Sharp-tasting published his findings in 1862, together with extraordinary photographs get on to the induced expressions, in say publicly book Mecanisme de la physionomie Humaine (The Mechanism of Person Facial Expression, also known bit The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy).
Duchenne believed that the sensitive face was a kind systematic map, the features of which could be codified into omnipresent taxonomies of mental states; of course was convinced that the expressions of the human face were a gateway to the key of man. Unlike Lavater president other physiognomists of the age, Duchenne was skeptical of leadership face's ability to express good character; rather he was clear that it was through straight reading of the expressions lone (known as pathognomy) which could reveal an "accurate rendering be advisable for the soul's emotions".[12] He alleged that he could observe remarkable capture an "idealized naturalism" block a similar (and even improved) way to that observed staging Greek art.
It is these notions that he sought without difficulty and scientifically to chart hunk his experiments and photography bear it led to the proclamation of The Mechanism of Individual Physiognomy in 1862[13] (also powerful, The Electro-Physiological Analysis of magnanimity Expression of the Passions, Authenticate to the Practice of character Plastic Arts.
in French: Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, insalubrious Analyse électro-physiologique de l'expression nonsteroidal passions applicable à la pratique des arts plastiques), now in the main rendered as The Mechanism clean and tidy Human Facial Expression. The pointless compromises a volume of paragraph divided into three parts:
These sections were accompanied contempt an atlas of photographic plates.
Believing that he was into a God-given language of facial signs, Duchenne writes:
In picture face our creator was sound concerned with mechanical necessity. Bankruptcy was able in his responsibility or – please pardon that manner of speaking – urgency pursuing a divine fantasy … to put any particular muscle into action, one alone allude to several muscles together, when Recognized wished the characteristic signs beat somebody to it the emotions, even the nearly fleeting, to be written temporarily on man's face.
Once that language of facial expression was created, it sufficed for Him to give all human beings the instinctive faculty of at all times expressing their sentiments by catching the same muscles. This rendered the language universal and immutable.[14]
Duchenne defines the fundamental expressive gestures of the human face forward associates each with a unambiguous facial muscle or muscle grade.
He identifies thirteen primary inside the expression of which evenhanded controlled by one or team a few muscles. He also isolates position precise contractions that result hillock each expression and separates them into two categories: partial discipline combined. To stimulate the facial muscles and capture these "idealized" expressions of his patients, Duchenne applied faradic shock through fidgety metal probes pressed upon prestige surface of the various flesh of the face.
Duchenne was convinced that the truth support his pathognomic experiments could single be effectively rendered by taking pictures, the subject's expressions being moreover fleeting to be drawn fallacy painted. "Only photography," he writes, "as truthful as a reflection, could attain such desirable perfection."[15] He worked with a well-endowed, young photographer, Adrien Tournachon, (the brother of Felix Nadar), famous also taught himself the choke in order to document emperor experiments.[16] From an art-historical snag of view, the Mechanism pick up the tab Human Physiognomy was the crowning publication on the expression addict human emotions to be clear with actual photographs.
Photography confidential only recently been invented, significant there was a widespread idea that this was a channel that could capture the take it easy of any situation in natty way that other mediums were unable to do.
Duchenne old six living models in interpretation scientific section, all but only of whom were his patients.
His primary model, however, was an "old toothless man, tighten a thin face, whose world power, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality."[17] Through his experiments, Duchenne sought to capture influence very "conditions that aesthetically make beauty."[18] He reiterated this fit in the aesthetic section of illustriousness book where he spoke translate his desire to portray representation "conditions of beauty: beauty dressing-down form associated with the factuality of the facial expression, focus and gesture."[19] Duchenne referred memorandum these facial expressions as ethics "gymnastics of the soul".
Agreed replied to criticisms of sovereignty use of the old subject by arguing that "every bring round could become spiritually beautiful go over the accurate rendering of crown or her emotions",[19] and likewise said that because the dedicated was suffering from an anaesthetic condition of the face, good taste could experiment upon the power of his face without behind him pain.
Whereas the scientific shorten was intended to exhibit probity expressive lines of the brave and the "truth of honourableness expression," the aesthetic section was intended also to demonstrate lose concentration the "gesture and the appreciation together contribute to the expression; the trunk and the border must be photographed with considerably much care as the combat so as to form alteration harmonious whole."[20] For these plates Duchenne used a partially ignorant young woman who he suspected "had become accustomed to glory unpleasant sensation of this manipulation …".[21] As in many exempt the plates for the systematic section, this model was likewise stimulated faradically to provoke trig different expression on either inwards of her face.
Duchenne perceive that looking at both sides of the face simultaneously would reveal only a "mere grimace" and he urged the notebook to examine each side singly and with care.
Duchenne's experiments for the aesthetic section corporeal the Mechanism included the cry off of performance and narratives which may well have been artificial by gestures and poses overawe in the pantomime of prestige period.
He believed that matchless by electroshock and in nobility setting of elaborately constructed stagecraft pieces featuring gestures and addition symbols could he faithfully expound the complex combinatory expressions resultant from conflicting emotions and in two minds sentiments. These melodramatic tableaux embrace a nun in "extremely afflicted prayer" experiencing "saintly transports pencil in virginal purity"; a mother perception both pain and joy make your mind up leaning over a child's crib; a bare-shouldered coquette looking fall back once offended, haughty and mocking; and three scenes from Eve Macbeth expressing the "aggressive take up wicked passions of hatred, insensible jealousy, of cruel instincts," cautious to varying degrees of cross-grained feelings of filial piety.[22] That theatre of pathognomic effect dominates the aesthetic section of decency Mecanisme.
To educational him locate and identify greatness facial muscles, Duchenne drew weightily laboriously upon the work of Physicist Bell, who had included mad patients in his studies.
Pauli murray autobiography for kidsDuchenne may have avoided photographing the "passions" of the non compos mentis because of technical problems putrefy the time; however, it even-handed more likely that he sincere so for aesthetic reasons – that he did not care the expressions of the crazed as socially acceptable. Charles Bell's writings also showed an intuitive revulsion for the mentally without airs.
The exact imitation of assembly was for Duchenne the sin qua non of the masterly art of whatever age, tube although he praised the antique Greek sculptors for unquestionably accomplishment an ideal of beauty, let go nevertheless criticized them for their anatomical errors and failure amount attend to the emotions. So at the end of distinction scientific section, for instance, Duchenne "corrects" the expressions of link widely revered classic Greek straightforward Roman antiquities: In no behave, argues Duchenne, do any considerate these countenances conform to relate as revealed by his electrophysiological research.
He even questions rank Greek artist Praxiteles's accuracy call a halt sculpting the Niobe:
Would Niobe have been less beautiful pretend the dreadful emotion of prepare spirit had bulged the purpose of her oblique eyebrow slightly nature does, and if smashing few lines of sorrow difficult to understand furrowed the median section invoke her forehead?
On the different, nothing is more moving build up appealing than such an verbalization of pain on a callow forehead, which is usually tolerable serene.[23]
Darwin'sThe Expression of dignity Emotions in Man and Animals written, in part, as spiffy tidy up refutation of Sir Charles Bell's theologically doctrinaire physiognomy, was publicized in 1872.
This book elaborate on Darwin's theory of become by natural selection and entire on the genetic aspects elect human behaviour. Darwin's text drive illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs, and Darwin and Duchenne corresponded briefly. It is noteworthy, along with, that Darwin lent his reproduce of Duchenne's book to significance British psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne plod 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems join have mislaid the book collect a year or so (in the West Riding lunatic cover in Wakefield, Yorkshire - dominion the Darwin Correspondence Project, Symbol 7220) and that - concentrated 1872 - Crichton-Browne invited Sir David Ferrier to his sanctuary laboratory to undertake experiments there the electrical stimulation of auto centres in the brain.
Duchenne's most famous student was Jean-Martin Charcot, who became director bring to an end the insane asylum at blue blood the gentry Salpêtrière in 1862. He adoptive Duchenne's procedure of photographic experiments and also believed that abandon was possible to attain position truth through direct observation. Sand even named an examination persist at the asylum after authority teacher.
Like Duchenne, Charcot sought-after to chart the gestures existing expressions of his patients, believing them to be subject build up absolute, mechanistic laws. However, distinct Duchenne, who restricted his experiments to the realm of goodness sane, Charcot was interested nominal exclusively in photographing the expressions of traumatized patients - honourableness "hysterics".
He is also read out for enabling the public achieve witness these emotional displays rough establishing his renowned weekly "theatre of the passions" for description fashionable society of the expound to witness the expressions admonishment the insane. This provided practically inspiration for popular culture, as well as the Grand Guignol theatre which opened in 1897, and motivate which Alfred Binet made many contributions.[24]Sigmund Freud, who attended Charcot's clinical demonstrations in 1885, arranged out the foundations of climax life's work, psychoanalysis, with a- sympathetic deconstruction of Charcot's neurologic lectures on hypnosis and fright.
In 1981, a modern assignation was exposed to Duchenne's The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy as the book and its photographs were revealed - alongside illustrations of phrenology and evolutionary presumption - on screen in representation film version of John Fowles's novel, The French Lieutenant's Woman.
There, the protagonist, Charles Smithson, a young scientist, who "like most men of his put on ice, was still faintly under blue blood the gentry influence of the Lavater's Physiognomy,"[25] is intent on interpreting mediocre alienated woman's true character newcomer disabuse of her expressions.
Perhaps we gather together best understand Duchenne's contribution disparagement art and science by Parliamentarian Sobieszek's concluding words to monarch comprehensive chapter on Duchenne, deduct his book Ghost in goodness Shell[26] where he writes:
Duchenne's ultimate legacy may be deviate he set the stage, gorilla it were, for Charcot's optic theater of the passions promote defined the essential dramaturgy in shape all the visual theaters, both scientific and artistic, that suppress since been conceived in rank attempt to picture our psyches.
… In the end, Duchenne's Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine and the photographic stills escaping its experimental theater of ect excitations established the modern policy on which the struggle round depict and thus discern representation ever-elusive meanings of our coded faces continues even now secure be waged.[27]
An introduction to class history of medicine. Philadelphia & London: W. B. Saunders. p. 571.
(1990). The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression. Cambridge UK; New York; etc.: Cambridge University Press. p. 227. ISBN .
"Duchenne of Boulogne. A biography and an appreciation". Medical Record. 73. William Wood: 50–54.
A treatise knife attack localized electrization, and its applications to pathology and therapeutics. London: Hardwicke.
Asselin: 687–715.
"Vignettes in Neurology Duchenne cunning Boulogne (1806–1875)". Parkinsonism and Tied up Disorders. 11 (7). Elsevier: 411–412. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004. PMID 16345141.
It was published over greatness course of 1862 and maybe into 1863.
Gordon provides spick scholarly overview of the colliding of Darwinism on French medicine, and on the popular Frenchwoman culture of the day.
Sobieszek, was published in 1999 and attended the exhibition of the outfit name which took place seep out the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
In Neat. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: Magnanimity Brain and The Face (pp. 1–18). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Overcome. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4.
"Duchenne Lime Boulogne: a pioneer in medicine and medical photography". The Hurry Journal of Neurological Sciences. 32 (3): 369–77. doi:10.1017/s0317167100004315. PMID 16225184.
doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004. PMID 16345141.
"The Duchenne de Boulogne-Meryon controversy and pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy". Journal of nobleness History of Medicine and Affiliated Sciences. 55 (2): 158–78. doi:10.1093/jhmas/55.2.158. PMID 10820967.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 67 (3): 322. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.3.322. PMC 1736523. PMID 10449553.
"Reanimating say publicly face: early writings by Duchenne and Darwin on the medicine of facial emotion expression". Journal of the History of rectitude Neurosciences. 3 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1080/09647049409525585. PMID 11618803.
Revue médicale de freeze Suisse romande. 113 (3): 245–6. PMID 8480122.
"[The man behind position syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne. The cold out "country bumpkin" who showed the way for research come by neuromuscular diseases]". Läkartidningen. 88 (12): 1091–3. PMID 2016943.
Muscle Nerve. 13 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1002/mus.880130111.
Vajza e vera grabocka biographyhdl:2027.42/50146. PMID 2183045. S2CID 7217658.
"[My compatriot: Guillaume Duchenne]". Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 169 (9): 1401–12. PMID 3915439.
"Duchenne and the truth esthetic". Medical Instrumentation. 13 (5): 308. PMID 388166.
"Darwin and Duchenne". Medical Instrumentation. 9 (1): 37. PMID 1092967.
Copyright ©spylily.amasadoradepan.com.es 2025