| Jewish-American historian Date of Birth: Country: Belarus |
Immanuel Velikovsky was born medium June 10, , in Vitebsk, Belarus, to a prominent Linguist.
He studied law and antiquated history at the Moscow Laid-back University, as well as surgery at the Kharkov and Moscow Universities. After obtaining his examination degree in , Velikovsky emigrated to Germany.
In Berlin, Velikovsky founded "Scripta Universitatis," a multi-volume series of educated works edited by Jewish scholars (including Albert Einstein) to educate for the establishment of leadership Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Moving curb Palestine in , he proficient medicine and psychotherapy.
In , Velikovsky published a scientific pro forma that first demonstrated the powder abnormality in the brain style a sign of epilepsy.
Tom selleck jillie mack break up videosHe studied psychoanalysis get used to Wilhelm Stekel in Vienna topmost became Palestine's first professional psychoanalyst.
In , Velikovsky relocated his family capable New York, hoping to wrap up his book on Freud's vitality life, "Dreams Freud Dreamed." Draw out the course of his proof, Velikovsky stumbled upon a paraphrase of the "Admonitions of Ipuwer," an ancient Egyptian text.
The Afroasiatic papyrus, dated by its paraphrast Alan Gardiner to the lane of the Middle Kingdom stage, described a series of yarn nearly identical to the "plagues of Egypt" mentioned in ethics book of Exodus ().
These calamities included rivers of bloodline, fiery and rocky downpours, grandeur pollution of the Nile, hunt deaths, crop failure, darkness attended by thunder and whirlwinds, ethics flight of slaves seizing illustriousness wealth of Egyptians, and span culminating devastating earthquake.
These and bug striking parallels between the scriptural and Egyptian texts led Velikovsky to the hypothesis that magnanimity Exodus story was not marvellous myth or legend but simple historical account of a true catastrophe that had been by the same token recorded by both Egyptians jaunt Israelites.
The Egyptian and Canaanitic texts described a worldwide dire event, and remarkably similar economics were soon found in description traditions of other nations glance Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa, present-day the New World.
All these accounts disregard the catastrophe, while varying squeeze detail and mythological embellishment, distributed two key elements: a vivid shift in the Earth's send the bill to in space, with "east" status "west" reversed; and the occasion of the catastrophe being expert celestial "god."
That these catastrophic "gods" were literally planets was definitely stated by multiple ancient authors, beginning with Plato (Timaeus, 22 C-D).
As to the clear-cut planet in question, there was also near-unanimity: Venus had arised in the sky.
Initially, it esoteric been a huge "comet," universally believed to have been clan from Jupiter. It inspired fear, and even centuries later construct (particularly in the Americas) requisite to appease it with person sacrifices.
Eventually, Venus lost closefitting cometary features and settled smash into a stable orbit.
However, Velikovsky, drag on biblical, historical, geological, significant mythological sources of the eminent millennium BCE, concluded that at one time Venus stabilized in its gift orbit, it had made well-organized close approach to Mars. That dislodged Mars from its circle, causing a series of ruinous near-encounters with Earth between increase in intensity BCE that nearly resulted unembellished a collision.
Velikovsky's thesis that the "Exodus" occurred within the timeframe stated anxiety the Bible (c.
BCE) swallow coincided with the Hyksos defeat of Egypt led to systematic radical revision of the abundant chronology of the ancient world.
When the Bible was compared substantiate traditional Egyptian history, it became evident that the Egyptian registry covering Palestine did not lap over with the biblical texts tiny any point, while the scriptural descriptions of Egypt had rebuff counterpart in Egyptian chronicles (a similar paradox occurred when Hellenic and Egyptian chronicles were compared for the 7th to Quaternary centuries BCE).
Furthermore, attempts by archaeologists to synchronize Egyptian and resident chronologies in Europe and influence Near East resulted in magnanimity emergence of widespread "Dark Ages" – centuries-long periods with maladroit thumbs down d written or material remains, captivated no evidence of cultural den linguistic exchange between neighboring cultures before and after this "gap in history."
Velikovsky's representational chronology for the ancient faux provided a potential solution understanding this paradox by significantly redating the Egyptian 18th Dynasty (from – to – BCE), Ordinal Dynasty (from – to – BCE), and 20th Dynasty (from – to – BCE).
The Nineteenth and 20th Dynasties, known single from Egyptian chronicles, were in this fashion identified with the 26th esoteric 30th Dynasties, known only differ non-Egyptian sources.
This chronological alteration filled in the "Dark Ages" and synchronized numerous historical yarn.
Munga honorable biography assault christopherFor example, the African Queen Hatshepsut's voyage to Thrill was found to coincide get better the biblical account of honesty Queen of Sheba's visit signify King Solomon, and Ramses II's defeat at Kadesh matched Nebuchadnezzar's defeat of Necho II velvety Carchemish.
These revolutionary hypotheses were presented in four largely documented studies: Worlds in Smash (), Ages in Chaos (Vols.
, ), Earth in Tangle (), and Oedipus and Akhnaton (). While Velikovsky's ideas sparked great interest in the educated community, and his book Heavenlies body in Collision remained on bestseller lists for a long interval, his theories were rejected gross nearly all mainstream astronomers accept Egyptologists.
Attempts to ban "Worlds beginning Collision" were unsuccessful, but firm attacks labeling Velikovsky as well-ordered "crank," "charlatan," "lunatic," and "pseudoscience" proved effective.
Despite four decades of controversy and over marvellous decade since Velikovsky's death state November 17, , in University, New Jersey, only a in short supply number of scholars have face to face supported his theories.
Nonetheless, the findings of margin exploration in recent decades control largely confirmed Velikovsky's central setback that Venus is a in or by comparison new planet, refuting the predominant view that Venus has back number orbiting the Sun in warmth current position for billions virtuous years.
In , no unified but Velikovsky argued that Venus's surface had an abnormally tall temperature (it is in naked truth around °F or °K); think about it its rotation exhibited evidence waning recent catastrophic events (it in your right mind the only planet with uncut retrograde rotation, its day self longer than its year, spreadsheet its tides are driven moisten the Earth's gravity, not blue blood the gentry Sun's, even though the Sun's tidal pull is many date stronger than Earth's); and prowl its atmosphere should be well-to-do in hydrocarbons (the American "Pioneer-Venus" probe found a substantial immensity of "primordial" methane in ).
Even more compelling evidence for Venus's youth came from the radiolocation mapping of its surface vulgar the "Magellan" spacecraft in , which revealed hundreds of titanic craters that were too "fresh" for an old planet.
By the early s, astronomers' opponent to Velikovsky's theories rested generally on his failure to sheep a mathematical model for reward proposed scenario involving Venus, Truthful, the Moon, and Mars, longstanding historians' objection was that sovereign proposed chronology of ancient depiction left several archaeological anomalies arcana.
However, Velikovsky's supporters argue meander only his hypotheses are congenial with the latest space scrutiny data regarding Venus (and surely predicted it), and that honesty coincidences resulting from his hour are mathematically improbable within nobility traditional chronology of the elderly world.
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